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Table 1 Clinicopathologic characteristics of patients who underwent breast reconstruction for breast cancer

From: Natural course of fat necrosis after breast reconstruction: a 10-year follow-up study

Variables

Oncoplastic surgery (n = 362)

Fat necrosis

n = 42

p value

Mean age (years, ± SD)

45.5 ± 7.9

46.1 ± 7.4

0.328

Mean body mass index (kg/m2, ± SD)

23.1 ± 3.0

23.2 ± 2.1

0.311

Underlying disease (n, %)

  

0.402

 Hypertension

43 (11.8)

3 (7.1)

 

 Diabetes mellitus

39 (10.8)

4 (9.5)

 

Mean clinical tumor size (cm, ± SD)

2.8 ± 1.6

2.1 ± 0.6

0.086

Mean pathologic tumor size (cm, ± SD)

2.3 ± 1.6

2.7 ± 1.9

0.619

Estrogen receptor, positive (n, %)

189 (52.2)

23 (54.8)

0.709

Progesterone receptor, positive (n, %)

165 (45.6)

18 (42.9)

0.461

c-erbB2 gene, positive (n, %)

69 (19.1)

7 (16.7)

0.523

Triple-negative breast cancer (n, %)

43 (11.9)

1 (2.4)

0.098

Type of breast surgery (n, %)

  

0.269

 Partial mastectomy

123 (34.0)

10 (23.8)

 

 Nipple- or skin-sparing mastectomy

239 (66.0)

32 (76.2)

 

Type of reconstructive surgery (n, %)

  

0.222

 Reduction mammoplasty

27 (7.5)

2 (4.8)

 

 Thoraco-epigastric (TE) flap

4 (1.1)

–

 

 Lateral thoracodorsal (LTD) flap

20 (5.5)

–

 

 Thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap

15 (4.1)

2 (4.8)

 

 Intercostal artery perforator (ICAP) flap

24 (6.6)

2 (4.8)

 

 Latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap

73 (20.2)

3 (7.1)

 

 Extended LD flap

102 (28.2)

4 (9.5)

 

 Pedicled Transversus rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap

59 (16.3)

24 (57.2)

 

 Free TRAM flap

29 (8.0)

4 (9.5)

 

 Deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP) flap

1 (0.3)

–

 

 Other flaps

6 (1.7)

1 (2.4)

 

Mean weight of specimen (g, ±SD)

231.4 ± 159.0

189.1 ± 110.4

0.142

Mean operation time (minutes, ±SD)

458.3 ± 116.1

431.3 ± 106.5

0.610

Mean hospital stay (days, ±SD)

16.1 ± 4.5

16.4 ± 3.3

0.562

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n, %)

46 (12.7)

2 (4.8)

0.044

Adjuvant chemotherapy (n, %)

173 (47.8)

10 (23.8)

0.944

Adjuvant radiotherapy (n, %)

105 (29.0)

10 (23.8)

0.919

Mean follow-up period (months, ± SD)

97.3 ± 23.5

117.0 ± 26.9

0.184

Locoregional recurrence (n, %)

22 (6.1)

2 (4.8)

0.465

Distant metastasis (n, %)

15 (4.1)

4 (9.5)

0.799

Death (n, %)

9 (2.5)

2 (4.8)

0.625