From: Natural course of fat necrosis after breast reconstruction: a 10-year follow-up study
Variables | Oncoplastic surgery (n = 362) | Fat necrosis | |
---|---|---|---|
n = 42 | p value | ||
Mean age (years, ± SD) | 45.5 ± 7.9 | 46.1 ± 7.4 | 0.328 |
Mean body mass index (kg/m2, ± SD) | 23.1 ± 3.0 | 23.2 ± 2.1 | 0.311 |
Underlying disease (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.402 |
 Hypertension | 43 (11.8) | 3 (7.1) |  |
 Diabetes mellitus | 39 (10.8) | 4 (9.5) |  |
Mean clinical tumor size (cm, ± SD) | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.086 |
Mean pathologic tumor size (cm, ± SD) | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 0.619 |
Estrogen receptor, positive (n, %) | 189 (52.2) | 23 (54.8) | 0.709 |
Progesterone receptor, positive (n, %) | 165 (45.6) | 18 (42.9) | 0.461 |
c-erbB2 gene, positive (n, %) | 69 (19.1) | 7 (16.7) | 0.523 |
Triple-negative breast cancer (n, %) | 43 (11.9) | 1 (2.4) | 0.098 |
Type of breast surgery (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.269 |
 Partial mastectomy | 123 (34.0) | 10 (23.8) |  |
 Nipple- or skin-sparing mastectomy | 239 (66.0) | 32 (76.2) |  |
Type of reconstructive surgery (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.222 |
 Reduction mammoplasty | 27 (7.5) | 2 (4.8) |  |
 Thoraco-epigastric (TE) flap | 4 (1.1) | – |  |
 Lateral thoracodorsal (LTD) flap | 20 (5.5) | – |  |
 Thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap | 15 (4.1) | 2 (4.8) |  |
 Intercostal artery perforator (ICAP) flap | 24 (6.6) | 2 (4.8) |  |
 Latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap | 73 (20.2) | 3 (7.1) |  |
 Extended LD flap | 102 (28.2) | 4 (9.5) |  |
 Pedicled Transversus rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap | 59 (16.3) | 24 (57.2) |  |
 Free TRAM flap | 29 (8.0) | 4 (9.5) |  |
 Deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP) flap | 1 (0.3) | – |  |
 Other flaps | 6 (1.7) | 1 (2.4) |  |
Mean weight of specimen (g, ±SD) | 231.4 ± 159.0 | 189.1 ± 110.4 | 0.142 |
Mean operation time (minutes, ±SD) | 458.3 ± 116.1 | 431.3 ± 106.5 | 0.610 |
Mean hospital stay (days, ±SD) | 16.1 ± 4.5 | 16.4 ± 3.3 | 0.562 |
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n, %) | 46 (12.7) | 2 (4.8) | 0.044 |
Adjuvant chemotherapy (n, %) | 173 (47.8) | 10 (23.8) | 0.944 |
Adjuvant radiotherapy (n, %) | 105 (29.0) | 10 (23.8) | 0.919 |
Mean follow-up period (months, ± SD) | 97.3 ± 23.5 | 117.0 ± 26.9 | 0.184 |
Locoregional recurrence (n, %) | 22 (6.1) | 2 (4.8) | 0.465 |
Distant metastasis (n, %) | 15 (4.1) | 4 (9.5) | 0.799 |
Death (n, %) | 9 (2.5) | 2 (4.8) | 0.625 |