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Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis of each factor’s ability to predict CSS of lung typical carcinoid and atypical carcinoid tumors

From: Prognostic nomogram for predicting long-term cancer-specific survival in patients with lung carcinoid tumors

Characteristic

Typical Carcinoid

Atypical Carcinoid

Univariable analysis

Multivariable analysis

Univariable analysis

Multivariable analysis

HR (95% CI)

p value

HR (95% CI)

p value

HR (95% CI)

p value

HR (95% CI)

p value

Age at diagnosis

  < 60

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

  ≥ 60

2.269 (1.497–3.438)

0.000

2.684(1.710–4.213)

0.000

1.922 (1.113–3.321)

0.019

1.975 (1.065–3.660)

0.031

Race

 White

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

 Others

1.519(0.862–2.678)

0.148

  

1.071 (0.509–2.252)

0.857

  

Gender

 Female

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

  

 Male

1.507(1.013–2.242)

0.043

1.563(1.022–2.390)

0.039

0.857 (0.504–1.457)

0.568

   

Insurance

 Yes

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

   

 No

2.249 (1.431–3.534)

0.0004

1.622 (1.002–2.626)

0.049

1.346 (0.782–2.317)

0.284

  

Marital status

 Married

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

 Un-married

0.986 (0.659–1.473)

0.943

  

1.404 (0.849–2.321)

0.186

  

Primary site

 Main bronchus

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

 Upper lobe, lung

1.346 (0.569–3.185)

0.498

  

0.000 (0.000-Inf)

0.996

  

 Middle lobe, lung

0.681 (0.247–1.878)

0.458

  

0.000 (0.000-Inf)

0.997

  

 Lower lobe, lung

1.150 (0.486–2.722)

0.751

  

0.000 (0.000-Inf)

0.996

  

 Overlapping lesion of lung

0.508(0.061–4.230)

0.531

  

0.000 (0.000-Inf)

0.996

  

 Lung, NOS

1.738(0.489–6.175)

0.393

  

0.000 (0.000-Inf)

0.996

  

Grade

 Well

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 

 Moderately/Pooly/Undifferentiated

3.537 (2.372–5.272)

0.000

2.127(1.392–3.250)

0.000

1.982 (1.006–3.905)

0.048

1.937(0.947–3.961)

0.070

Laterality

 Right

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

 Other

1.022(0.686–1.521)

0.915

  

1.384 (0.844–2.27)

0.198

  

Historic Stage

 Localized

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 

 Regional/Distant/Unstaged

4.016(2.699–5.977)

0.000

1.388 (0.697–2.764)

0.351

3.749 (2.094–6.712)

0.000

1.882 (0.724–4.893)

0.194

T stage

 T1

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 

 T2-T4

3.215 (2.102–4.919)

0.000

1.182 (0.680–2.053)

0.553

2.487(1.431–4.322)

0.001

1.242 (0.581–2.652)

0.576

N stage

 N0

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 N1-N3

4.753 (3.186–7.092)

0.000

1.630 (0.901–2.948)

0.106

2.564 (1.55–4.241)

0.000

1.502 (0.719–3.137)

0.279

M stage

 M0

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 M1

7.635 (4.825–12.08)

0.000

1.443 (0.679–3.066)

0.341

7.527 (4.506–12.57)

0.000

4.302 (2.150–8.607)

0.000

Surgery

 No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Lobectomy

0.121 (0.077–0.188)

0.000

0.265 (0.140–0.502)

0.000

0.123 (0.067–0.226)

0.000

0.299(0.139–0.643)

0.002

 Local resection/destrubition

0.059 (0.014–0.247)

0.000

0.236 (0.053–1.050)

0.058

0.000 (0.000-Inf)

0.996

0.000 (0.000-Inf)

0.995

 Wedge resection

0.075 (0.030–0.192)

0.000

0.249 (0.090–0.690)

0.008

0.455(0.229–0.905)

0.025

1.674 (0.677–4.139)

0.264

 Pneumonectomy

0.122 (0.047–0.318)

0.000

0.121(0.037–0.392)

0.000

0.336(0.143–0.789)

0.012

0.424(0.142–1.263)

0.123

 Surgery, NOS

0.000 (0.000-Inf)

0.995

0.000 (0.000-Inf)

0.994

0.000 (0.000-Inf)

0.999

0.000 (0.000-Inf)

0.999

Radiation

 No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 

 Yes

10.84 (6.89–17.05)

0.000

1.512 (0.724–3.156)

0.271

2.19 (1.241–3.866)

0.006

1.149 (0.573–2.303)

0.696

Chemotherapy

 No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Yes

9.244 (5.587–15.3)

0.000

2.014 (1.118–3.631)

0.020

2.664 (1.604–4.425)

0.000

0.653 (0.332–1.286)

0.218

Radiation after surgery

 No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

   

 Yes

5.533 (2.847–10.76)

0.000

1.422 (0.520–3.887)

0.492

1.169(0.556–2.454)

0.681

  

Tumor size

  < 20 mm

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 20-40 mm

3.028(1.726–5.313)

0.000

2.310(1.276–4.181)

0.006

0.927 (0.490–1.756)

0.816

0.689(0.332–1.432)

0.184

  > 40 mm

8.470(4.643–15.452)

0.000

4.286 (2.043–8.993)

0.000

2.447(1.291–4.640)

0.006

1.796 (0.757–4.259)

0.031