Table 1 Characteristics of Patients, Tumors and Ablation Parameters
Characteristic | 3D planning group (n = 66) | 2D planning group (n = 64) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | Â | Â | 0.296 |
 Mean ± SD | 60.6 ± 11.7 | 58.6 ± 10.0 |  |
 Range | 36–81 | 34–76 |  |
Sex | Â | Â | 0.898 |
 Male | 52 (78.8) | 48 (75) |  |
 Female | 14 (21.2) | 16 (25) |  |
Comorbid disease | Â | Â | 0.835 |
 No | 28 (42.4) | 26 (40.6) |  |
 Yes | 38 (57.6) | 38 (59.4) |  |
Pathological differentiation | Â | Â | 0.597 |
 Well/moderately | 32 (48.5) | 34 (53.1) |  |
 Poorly | 34 (51.5) | 30 (46.9) |  |
Etiology | Â | Â | 0.381 |
 No | 5 (7.6) | 2 (3.1) |  |
 HBV | 59 (89.4) | 58 (90.7) |  |
 HCV | 2 (3.0) | 4 (6.2) |  |
Cirrhosis | Â | Â | 0.124 |
 Yes | 55 (83.3) | 59 (92.2) |  |
 No | 11 (16.7) | 5 (7.8) |  |
Maximal tumor diameter (cm) | |||
 Mean ± SD | 5.0 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 0.721 |
 Range | 3.0–8.7 | 3.0–10.0 |  |
 3.1–4.9 | 47 (71.2) | 37 (59.1) | 0.147 |
 5.0–6.9 | 11 (16.7) | 20 (30.3) |  |
 7.0–10.0 | 8 (12.1) | 7 (10.6) |  |
Tumor no. | Â | Â | 0.987 |
 1 | 36 (54.5) | 35 (54.7) |  |
 2–3 | 30 (45.5) | 29 (45.3) |  |
Tumor volume (ml) | Â | Â | 0.295 |
 Mean ± SD | 65.6 ± 21.2 | 62.8 ± 28.3 |  |
 Range | 6.32–171.12 | 7.73–182.6 |  |
 <62.5 | 51 (75.8) | 48 (71.9) |  |
 ≥ 62.5 | 15 (24.2) | 16 (28.1) |  |
Approximated sphericity | Â | Â | 0.491 |
 Yes | 12 (18.2) | 10 (15.7) |  |
 No | 54 (81.8) | 54 (84.3) |  |
Ablation volume (ml) | Â | Â | 0.772 |
 Mean ± SD | 145.7 ± 89.1 | 157.2 ± 95.5 |  |
 Range | 26.3–296.6 | 24.5–312.8 |  |
Residual liver ratio (%) | Â | Â | 0.527 |
 Median | 89.5 ± 21.2 | 87.3 ± 25.7 |  |
 Range | 63.9–98.0 | 72.1–96.8 |  |
Location | Â | Â | 0.030* |
 Left liver lobe | 7 (10.6) | 18 (28.3) |  |
 Right liver lobe | 56 (84.8) | 45 (68.2) |  |
 Left + Right liver lobe | 3 (4.6) | 1 (1.5) |  |
Adjacent to organ | Â | Â | 0.454 |
 No | 33 (50) | 25 (39.1) |  |
 Major vessels | 7 (10.6) | 10 (15.6) |  |
 Diaphragm | 12 (18.2) | 17 (25.8) |  |
 Gastrointestinal tract | 1(4 21.2) | 12(18.2) |  |
CTP grade | Â | Â | 0.208 |
 A | 61 (92.4) | 63 (98.4) |  |
 B | 5 (7.6) | 1 (1.6) |  |
α-fetoprotein level (ng/ml) |  |  | 0.382 |
 > 400 | 30 (45.5) | 34 (53.1) |  |
 ≤ 400 | 36 (54.5) | 30 (46.9) |  |
Preoperative image type | Â | Â | 0.429 |
 CT | 24 (36.4) | 30 (46.9) |  |
 MRI | 42 (63.6) | 34 (53.1) |  |
Chemoradiation | Â | Â | 0.812 |
 Yes | 59 (89.4) | 58 (90.6) |  |
 No | 7 (10.6) | 6 (9.4) |  |
Preoperative TACE | Â | Â | 0.117 |
 Yes | 11 (16.7) | 18 (28.1) |  |
 No | 55 (83.3) | 46 (71.9) |  |
Complications | Â | Â | 0.712 |
 Yes | 5 (7.6) | 6 (9.4) |  |
 No | 61 (92.4) | 58 (90.6) |  |
Follow-up (months) | Â | Â | 0.287 |
 Median | 17.7 | 24.2 |  |
 Range | 4.3–43.7 | 2.9–42.2 |  |
Postoperative Metastasis | Â | Â | 0.447 |
 Yes | 9 (13.6) | 6 (9.4) |  |
 No | 57 (86.4) | 58 (90.6) |  |
Antenna number | Â | Â | 0.391 |
 2 | 112 (84.8) | 98 (81.3) |  |
 > 2 | 9 (15.2) | 4 (18.7) |  |
Insertion number | Â | Â | 0.034* |
 Mean ± SD | 5.4 ± 1.2 | 4.5 ± 0.9 |  |
 Range | 2–12 | 2–11 |  |
Ablation time (s) | Â | Â | 0.048* |
 Mean ± SD | 1249.2 ± 654.2 | 1082.4 ± 584.7 |  |
 Range | 380–3360 | 280–2290 |  |
Ablation power (W) | Â | Â | Â |
 Mean ± SD | 60 ± 5 | 60 ± 7 | 0.725 |
 Range | 40–65 | 40–65 |  |
Ablation energy (J) | Â | Â | 0.038* |
 Mean ± SD | 57,000 ± 11,892 | 42,600 ± 10,271 |  |
 Range | 12,000–220,800 | 12,000–20,600 |  |
Ablation frequency (Hz) | Â | Â | 0.482 |
 915 | 6 (6.1) | 3 (4.7) |  |
 2450 | 115 (93.9) | 99 (95.3) |  |
Sessions | Â | Â | 0.033* |
 1 | 115 (95.0) | 87 (85.3) |  |
 > 1 | 6 (5.0) | 15 (14.7) |  |