Immune cells | Alteration in high risk group | Study | Basic function | Final effect to anticancer immune |
---|---|---|---|---|
T cells follicular helper | Increased | Vinuesa CG et al. [33]. | TFH can develop humoral immunity by assisting the formation of germinal center. | Promotion |
T cells regulatory | Increased | Juang CM et al. [34]. | Tregs are suppressive T cells and can mediate immunosuppression and tumor immune evasion. | Suppression |
Macrophages M2 | Decreasing | Italiani P et al. [35]. | M2 cells can promote tumor cells proliferation and repair through shifting the arginine metabolism to ornithine and polyamines. | Promotion |
Dendritic cells resting | Decreasing | P Brossart et al. [36]. | DCs are the most potent antigen-presenting cells with the ability to stimulate naive resting T cells and to initiate primary immune responses. | Suppression |
Mast cells resting | Decreasing | Dyduch G et al. [37]. | Mast cells play a pro-tumor or anti-tumor role by secreting different factors (VEGF, bFGF vs TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) | Uncertain |