Fig. 1

Study flowchart. 1242 patients were recruited in the current study. Through data pre-processing, 660 patients with 120 complete clinical variables were used as predictive variables. The data were pre-processed and randomly divided into a training set (80%) and a validation set (20%). In the training set, k-fold cross-validation (k = 10) is used, and various parameter combinations are exhausted by grid search