Fig. 3

A 44-year-old female patient presented with aggravating headache, vertigo, gait disturbance and concentration disorder in sense of hydrocephalic symptoms for 3–4 months. a, b Preoperative T1-weighted gadolinium enhanced MRI showing a low to intermediate heterogeneously enhancing intraventricular mass in the third ventricle with consecutive secondary hydrocephalus. c, d Postoperative T1-weighted gadolinium enhanced MRI showing complete removal of the tumor through a left frontal precoronary transventricular keyhole approach. Pathological findings confirmed WHO grade I subependymoma