Table 1 Clinical descriptors of the derivation and validation cohorts at the baseline
From: Artificial neural networks improve LDCT lung cancer screening: a comparative validation study
|  | Derivation cohort (N = 602) | Validation cohort (N = 234) | P b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer (N = 19) | Control c (N = 583) | Cancer (N = 8) | Control c (N = 226) |  | |
Sex a | |||||
 Male | 7 (36.84%) | 236 (40.48%) | 2 (25.00%) | 111 (49.12%) | 0.038 |
 Female | 12 (63.16%) | 347 (59.52%) | 6 (75.00%) | 115 (50.88%) |  |
Age (y) a | 64.89 ± 7.53 | 61.87 ± 6.42 | 57.63 ± 8.73 | 61.05 ± 7.88 | 0.053 |
LDCT parameters | |||||
 Dose (mSv) a | 1.95 ± 0.64 | 1.46 ± 0.24 | 1.78 ± 0.45 | 1.49 ± 0.26 | 0.161 |
 DLP (mGy.cm) a | 75.53 ± 32.54 | 49.17 ± 11.08 | 64.50 ± 24.43 | 50.77 ± 10.72 | 0.206 |
Pattern of nodules | |||||
 Nodules of interest a | 2.42 (1–7) | 1.11 (0–32) | 1.88 (1–7) | 1.29 (0–8) | 0.330 |
 Number of involved lobes a | 1.68 (1–3) | 0.75 (0–5) | 1.38 (1–4) | 0.99 (0–5) | 0.007 |
Size of nodules (mm) | |||||
 Solid nodule a | 10.01 (0–136.00) | 1.49 (0–19.80) | 0.63 (0–5.00) | 1.80 (0–36.75) | 1.000 |
 PS nodule a | 3.89 (0–20.40) | 0.38 (0–11.95) | 1.77 (0–4.90) | 0.54 (0–7.30) | 0.498 |
 GGN a | 8.87 (0–31.00) | 0.58 (0–23.30) | 4.56 (0–10.30) | 0.24 (0–9.05) | 0.038 |
 Calcified nodule a | 0.00 (0) | 0.39 (0–19.25) | 0.86 (0–6.90) | 0.55 (0–7.05) | 0.100 |
 Fat-containing nodule a | 0.00 (0) | 0.05 (0–28.15) | 0.00 (0) | 0.00 (0) | 0.506 |
Intra-pulmonary findings | |||||
 Linear atelectasis a | 10 (52.63%) | 431 (73.93%) | 2 (25.00%) | 108 (47.79%) | < 0.001 |
 Plate-like atelectasis a | 5 (26.32%) | 73 (12.52%) | 0 (0.00%) | 19 (8.41%) | 0.050 |
 Plate-like GGN a | 2 (10.53%) | 143 (24.53%) | 1 (12.50%) | 39 (17.26%) | 0.029 |
 Bronchiectasis a | 0 (0.00%) | 39 (6.69%) | 1 (12.50%) | 8 (3.54%) | 0.143 |
 Emphysema a | 1 (5.26%) | 51 (8.75%) | 2 (25.00%) | 28 (12.39%) | 0.068 |
 Fibrotic change a | 2 (10.53%) | 154 (26.42%) | 0 (0.00%) | 42 (18.58%) | 0.015 |
Extra-pulmonary findings | |||||
 Mediastinal tumour a | 4 (21.05%) | 30 (5.15%) | 1 (12.50%) | 8 (3.54%) | 0.290 |
 Thyroid nodule a | 1 (5.26%) | 19 (3.26%) | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (0.88%) | 0.045 |
 Adrenal nodule a | 1 (5.26%) | 5 (0.86%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.125 |
 Hepatic nodule a | 1 (5.26%) | 67 (11.49%) | 0 (0.00%) | 20 (8.85%) | 0.245 |
 Renal nodule a | 0 (0.00%) | 16 (2.74%) | 0 (0.00%) | 10 (4.42%) | 0.229 |
Lung-RADS | |||||
 Category 1 | 0 (0.00%) | 323 (55.40%) | 0 (0.00%) | 115 (50.89%) | 0.240 |
 Category 2 | 6 (31.58%) | 222 (38.08%) | 7 (87.50%) | 102 (45.13%) | 0.021 |
 Category 3 | 5 (26.32%) | 31 (5.32%) | 1 (12.50%) | 6 (2.65%) | 0.080 |
 Category 4 | 8 (42.10%) | 7 (1.20%) | 0 (0.00%) | 3 (1.33%) | 0.279 |