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Fig. 4 | BMC Cancer

Fig. 4

From: Anti-proliferative activity of A. Oxyphylla and its bioactive constituent nootkatone in colorectal cancer cells

Fig. 4

Nootkatone exhibits anticancer activity in colorectal cancer cells. a The structure of nootkatone. b Cell proliferation assay. HCT-116 and SW480 colorectal cancer cells were treated with various concentrations of nootkatone and cells were counted using hemocytometer. The y-axis shows the cell number and x axis shows the time. Ethanol (EtOH) was used as the vehicle for nootkatone. Quantification of the result from three independent experiments (n = 3) is shown as mean ± SD with statistical significance displayed as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. c Colony formation assay. HCT-116 and SW480 cells were grown in media containing nootkatone for 9 days. Number of colonies were counted and presented in the bottom graph. The results from three independent experiments (n = 3) is shown as mean ± SD with statistical significance displayed as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 compared to EtOH-treated cells. N.S., not significant. d Spheroid viability assay. HCT-116 tumor spheroids were treated with nootkatone. Phase-contrast images showed that the size of the spheroid, especially the proliferating zone shrinks in a dose-dependent manner. Scale bars represent 500 μm. left graph, spheroid viability was measured by CellTiter-Glo® 3D Cell Viability Assay (Promega). right graph, spheroid volume was calculated as described in the Method section. The graph represents three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

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