Table 1 Baseline characteristics before and after propensity score matching

Age, mean (SD)

69.4 (11.5)

69.3 (11.2)

0.6

69.3 (11.8)

69.3 (11.3)

0.0

Male, n (%)

15,271 (62.6%)

498 (54.0%)

17.6

1993 (54.2%)

498 (54.2%)

0.1

 < 18.5

5459 (22.4%)

194 (21.0%)

3.3

754 (20.5%)

194 (21.1%)

1.5

 18.5–24.9

14,135 (58.0%)

541 (58.7%)

1.4

2167 (58.9%)

538 (58.5%)

0.8

 25.0–29.9

2888 (11.8%)

99 (10.7%)

3.5

407 (11.1%)

99 (10.8%)

1.0

 ≥ 30.0

440 (1.8%)

22 (2.4%)

4.1

78 (2.1%)

22 (2.4%)

1.8

 Missing

1455 (6.0%)

66 (7.2%)

4.8

270 (7.3%)

66 (7.2%)

0.6

 Alert

22,030 (90.4%)

743 (80.6%)

28.0

3006 (81.8%)

741 (80.6%)

2.9

 Confusion

1742 (7.1%)

120 (13.0%)

19.6

473 (12.9%)

119 (12.9%)

0.2

 Somnolence

442 (1.8%)

35 (3.8%)

12.0

131 (3.6%)

35 (3.8%)

1.3

 Coma

163 (0.7%)

24 (2.6%)

15.3

66 (1.8%)

24 (2.6%)

5.6

 0

5168 (21.2%)

239 (25.9%)

11.1

975 (26.5%)

239 (26.0%)

1.2

 1

3409 (14.0%)

101 (11.0%)

9.2

415 (11.3%)

101 (11.0%)

1.0

 2–4

4979 (20.4%)

256 (27.8%)

17.2

1032 (28.1%)

255 (27.7%)

0.7

 5–7

8455 (34.7%)

234 (25.4%)

20.4

916 (24.9%)

233 (25.4%)

1.0

 ≥ 8

2366 (9.7%)

92 (10.0%)

0.9

338 (9.2%)

91 (9.9%)

2.4

Presence of sepsis at admission, n (%)

8042 (33.0%)

533 (57.8%)

51.5

2087 (56.8%)

530 (57.7%)

1.8

 2010–2011

6094 (25.0%)

217 (23.5%)

3.4

864 (23.5%)

215 (23.4%)

0.3

 2012–2013

6955 (28.5%)

247 (26.8%)

3.9

1005 (27.3%)

246 (26.8%)

1.3

 2014–2015

5859 (24.0%)

247 (26.8%)

6.3

976 (26.6%)

247 (26.9%)

0.7

 2016–2017

5469 (22.4%)

211 (22.9%)

1.1

831 (22.6%)

211 (23.0%)

0.8

Teaching hospital, n (%)

16,569 (68.0%)

670 (72.7%)

10.3

2681 (72.9%)

668 (72.7%)

0.6

Ambulance use, n (%)

3612 (14.8%)

278 (30.2%)

37.4

1080 (29.4%)

275 (29.9%)

1.2

Emergency admission, n (%)

12,904 (52.9%)

653 (70.8%)

37.5

2613 (71.1%)

650 (70.7%)

0.8

Any operation within 3 days of admission, n (%)

1640 (6.7%)

242 (26.2%)

54.5

989 (26.9%)

239 (26.0%)

2.0

Recurrence

11,637 (47.7%)

458 (49.7%)

3.9

1866 (50.8%)

457 (49.7%)

2.1

 Esophagus

721 (3.0%)

16 (1.7%)

8.1

59 (1.6%)

16 (1.7%)

1.1

 Stomach

3754 (15.4%)

93 (10.1%)

16.0

370 (10.1%)

92 (10.0%)

0.2

 Colorectal

3707 (15.2%)

203 (22.0%)

17.6

742 (20.2%)

202 (22.0%)

4.4

 Liver

2751 (11.3%)

127 (13.8%)

7.5

535 (14.6%)

127 (13.8%)

2.1

 Bile duct/gallbladder

2344 (9.6%)

107 (11.6%)

6.5

420 (11.4%)

107 (11.6%)

0.7

 Pancreas

3627 (14.9%)

163 (17.7%)

7.6

692 (18.8%)

163 (17.7%)

2.8

 Lung, trachea, and mediastinum

3182 (13.1%)

198 (10.0%)

33.3

133 (10.8%)

36 (10.0%)

1.6

 Breast

799 (3.3%)

28 (3.0%)

1.4

118 (3.2%)

28 (3.0%)

0.9

 Gynecological

1107 (4.5%)

95 (10.3%)

22.1

390 (10.6%)

94 (10.2%)

1.2

 Urological

2385 (9.8%)

54 (5.9%)

14.7

217 (5.9%)

54 (5.9%)

0.1

 Lung metastasis

1595 (6.5%)

56 (6.1%)

1.9

207 (5.6%)

56 (6.1%)

2.0

 Peritoneum metastasis

3009 (12.3%)

99 (10.7%)

5.0

376 (10.2%)

98 (10.7%)

1.4

 Liver metastasis

5410 (22.2%)

160 (17.4%)

12.2

642 (17.5%)

159 (17.3%)

0.4

 Brain metastasis

1212 (5.0%)

14 (1.5%)

19.6

49 (1.3%)

14 (1.5%)

1.6

 Bone metastasis

4293 (17.6%)

92 (10.0%)

22.3

332 (9.0%)

92 (10.0%)

3.3

 Other metastasis

3538 (14.5%)

101 (11.0%)

10.7

390 (10.6%)

101 (11.0%)

1.2

 Intensive or high care unit admission

4212 (17.3%)

285 (30.9%)

32.3

1042 (28.3%)

283 (30.8%)

5.4

 Bacterial culture test

6334 (26.0%)

576 (62.5%)

79.0

2306 (62.7%)

574 (62.5%)

0.6

 Endoscopy

2160 (8.9%)

48 (5.2%)

14.3

166 (4.5%)

48 (5.2%)

3.3

 Computed tomography

11,546 (47.4%)

631 (68.4%)

43.7

2564 (69.7%)

629 (68.4%)

2.8

 Oxygen supplementation

5871 (23.3%)

436 (47.3%)

49.9

1724 (44.6%)

435 (44.3%)

0.9

 Mechanical ventilation

411 (1.7%)

146 (15.8%)

51.7

557 (15.2%)

144 (15.7%)

1.4

 Renal replacement therapy

277 (1.1%)

60 (6.5%)

28.3

179 (4.9%)

59 (6.4%)

6.7

 Central venous catheter insertion

2518 (10.3%)

350 (38.0%)

68.2

1353 (36.8%)

347 (37.8%)

2.0

 Endoscopic hemostasis

171 (0.7%)

8 (0.9%)

1.9

24 (0.7%)

8 (0.9%)

2.5

 Dopamine

1364 (5.6%)

222 (24.1%)

53.8

911 (24.8%)

220 (23.9%)

2.0

 Dobutamine

82 (0.3%)

42 (4.6%)

27.6

114 (3.1%)

39 (4.2%)

6.1

 Noradrenaline

625 (2.6%)

223 (24.2%)

67.0

820 (22.3%)

220 (23.9%)

3.9

 Adrenaline

340 (1.4%)

30 (3.3%)

12.4

137 (3.7%)

29 (3.2%)

3.1

 Vasopressin

36 (0.1%)

26 (2.8%)

22.2

90 (2.4%)

25 (2.7%)

1.7

 Thrombomodulin

1609 (6.6%)

370 (40.1%)

86.3

1414 (38.5%)

367 (39.9%)

3.0

 Tranexamic acid

1050 (4.3%)

52 (5.6%)

6.1

232 (6.3%)

51 (5.5%)

3.2

 Serine protease inhibitors

2760 (11.3%)

305 (33.1%)

54.2

1170 (31.8%)

302 (32.9%)

2.2

 Heparin

1482 (6.1%)

148 (16.1%)

32.2

605 (16.5%)

146 (15.9%)

1.6

 Antiplatelet

521 (2.1%)

18 (2.0%)

1.3

81 (2.2%)

18 (2.0%)

1.7

 Anticoagulant

415 (1.7%)

10 (1.1%)

5.3

43 (1.2%)

10 (1.1%)

0.8

 Antibiotics

11,125 (45.6%)

807 (87.5%)

99.1

3338 (90.8%)

804 (87.5%)

10.7

 Chemotherapy

2343 (9.6%)

45 (4.9%)

18.3

197 (5.4%)

45 (4.9%)

2.1

 Molecular targeted therapy

463 (1.9%)

7 (0.8%)

10.0

22 (0.6%)

7 (0.8%)

2

 Steroids

5181 (21.3%)

211 (22.9%)

3.9

817 (22.2%)

209 (22.7%)

1.2

 Diuretics

3703 (15.2%)

289 (31.3%)

38.9

1124 (30.6%)

287 (31.2%)

1.4

 Antiemetic

4475 (18.4%)

134 (14.5%)

10.3

515 (14.0%)

134 (14.6%)

1.6

 Non-narcotic analgesics

11,115 (45.6%)

544 (59.0%)

27.1

2221 (60.4%)

543 (59.1%)

2.7

 Narcotic

6967 (28.6%)

428 (46.4%)

37.5

1721 (46.8%)

425 (46.2%)

1.1

 Parenteral nutrition

1169 (4.8%)

89 (9.7%)

18.8

317 (8.6%)

87 (9.5%)

2.9

 Insulin

2694 (11.1%)

217 (23.5%)

33.5

861 (23.4%)

214 (23.3%)

0.3

 Red blood cell

3660 (15.0%)

352 (38.2%)

54.3

1426 (38.8%)

350 (38.1%)

1.5

 Fresh frozen plasma

1238 (5.1%)

290 (31.5%)

72.6

1162 (31.6%)

287 (31.2%)

0.8

 Platelets

1459 (6.0%)

228 (24.7%)

53.8

892 (24.3%)

226 (24.6%)

0.8

 Red blood cell ≥720 ml/day

595 (2.4%)

106 (11.5%)

36.1

410 (11.2%)

105 (11.4%)

0.9