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Table 3 The direct effects of tobacco smoking, as well as the causal mediation (indirect) effects via DNA methylation, on the gene expression in lung adenocarcinoma (P < 0.05)

From: From tobacco smoking to cancer mutational signature: a mediation analysis strategy to explore the role of epigenetic changes

CpG

Effect a

Beta

95% CI

P

Lower

Upper

cg14817490 (AHRR)

ACME

6.5 × 10−4

5.7 × 10−5

1.5 × 10−3

0.03

ADE

6.5 × 10−3

3.1 × 10− 3

1.0 × 10− 2

<  1.0 × 10− 4

Total Effect

7.2 × 10− 3

3.8 × 10− 3

1.1 × 10− 2

<  1.0 × 10− 4

Prop

8.5%

8%

24.5%

0.03

cg19859270 (GPR15)

ACME

1.5 × 10− 3

4.6 × 10− 4

2.9 × 10− 3

<  1.0 × 10− 4

ADE

7.8 × 10− 3

4.4 × 10− 3

1.1 × 10− 2

<  1.0 × 10− 4

Total Effect

9.3 × 10− 3

5.8 × 10− 3

1.3 × 10− 2

<  1.0 × 10− 4

Prop

15.9%

5.2%

32.9%

<  1.0 × 10−4

  1. a ACME refers to the average causal mediation effects. ADE refers to the average direct effects (ADE). “Prop” refers to the proportion of the total effect of tobacco smoking on the gene expression mediated by DNA methylation