Table 2 Action mechanisms of HOX proteins in gastric cancer

HOXB9

Downregulated

NA

NA

↓cells proliferation, migration and invasion; ↑MET; AKT and NF-κB pathway

[15, 34, 35]

HOXD10

Downregulated

miR-10b, miR-92b-3p

IGFBP3

↓cells proliferation, migration and invasion; AKT pathway; RhoC pathway

[16, 36,37,38,39]

HOXA5

Downregulated

miR-196a

NA

↓cells G1-S transition, proliferation and colony formation; ↓angiogenesis

[17, 18]

HOXA10

Upregulated

NA

miR-196b-5p, BCL2

↑cells viability, proliferation, colony information, migration and invasion ↓apoptosis; ↑tumor metastasis; JAK1/STAT3 signaling; HOXA10/miR-196b-5p axis;

↓cells growth, motility and invasive activity;

[19,20,21, 40,41,42]

HOXA13

Upregulated

lncRNA HOTTIP

DHRS2, cadherin17

↑cells proliferation, migration and invasion; ↑EMT; TGF-β pathway, ERK1/2 pathway, Wnt/β-catenin pathway, MDM2-p53-MRP1 pathway; chemotherapy resistance to 5-FU

[22, 23, 43,44,45,46]

HOXC6

Upregulated

lncRNA HOTAIR

NA

↑cells proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion; ERK signaling;

[24, 47, 48]

HOXB7

Upregulated

NA

NA

↑cells G1-S transition, proliferation, migration and invasion; ↑EMT; ↓apoptosis; AKT/MAPK pathway; Src-FAK pathway; PIK3R3/ AKT pathway

[25, 26, 49, 50]

HOXA1

Upregulated

NA

NA

↑cells proliferation, invasion and migration; ↑cyclin D1

[27]

HOXA9

Upregulated

miR-182

NA

↑cells proliferation, migration and invasion; ↑tumor progression

[28, 51]

HOXC9

Upregulated

miR-26a

NA

↑EMT and stem cell-like phenotypic acquisition; ↑tumor metastasis

[29]

HOXC10

Upregulated

miR-136

CST1

↑cells migration and invasion; ↑tumor growth and peritoneal metastasis; ATM/NF-kB pathway; MAPK signaling

[30, 52,53,54,55]

HOXD4

Upregulated

NA

NA

↑cells proliferation, migration and invasion; ↑c-Myc and cyclinD1

[31]

HOXA11

Controversial

STAT3

STAT3

Wnt pathway

[32, 56, 57]

HOXD9

Upregulated

NA

RUFY3

↑cells proliferation, invasion and migration; ↑tumorigenesis and metastasis

[33]