Table 2 Clavien–Dindo classification

I

Any complication that deviates from the natural course of the operation; treatments include antiemetic, antipyretic, analgesic, and diuretic drugs; infusion; physical therapy; as well as bedside debridement of incision infection.

II

Medications other than those permitted for grade I complications are required, including blood transfusion and total parenteral nutrition support.

III

Surgical and endoscopic interventions and radiotherapy are required.

IIIa

No general anesthesia is required.

IIIb

General anesthesia is needed.

IV

Life-threatening complications requiring intensive care.

IVa

Single-organ dysfunction

IVb

Multi-organ dysfunction

V

Death