Fig. 1

Cellular response of LNCaP cells treated with VD3 and DHT. a Effect of combined treatment of VD3 and DHT on cell growth in LNCaP cells: (left) VD3 treatment reduced cell growth in a dose-dependent manner; (center) DHT treatment increased cell growth at lower concentrations; (right) simultaneous treatment of VD3 and DHT enhanced the reduction of cell growth compared to treatment with VD3 alone. b Change in cell cycle phase by VD3 or DHT treatment. Neither VD3 nor DHT treatment significantly changed the cell cycle phase. c Induction of apoptosis by VD3 or DHT treatment. Neither low-dose VD3 nor DHT treatment influenced apoptosis at short-term. d Induction of IGFBP-3 expression by VD3 or DHT treatment. VD3 treatment-induced IGFBP-3 expression and co-treatment with DHT enhanced the expression level of IGFBP-3.The ratio indicates the density of IGFBP-3 band normalized by corresponding βActin band. The all experiments were performed in serum-containing medium condition. The uncropped full-length blot images are presented in Supplementary Fig. 5A