Table 2 The association between the use of opioid and its derivatives, and other variables (cigarette smoking and alcohol) and the incidence of lung cancer
From: Is opium use associated with an increased risk of lung cancer? A case-control study
Variable | Cases N (%) | Controls N (%) | Crude OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Opium use | ||||
 Never | 57 (40. 71) | 225 (80.36) | Reference | Reference |
 Ever | 83 (59.28) | 55 (19.64) | 9.73 (5.21–18.15) | 5.95 (1.87–18.92) |
Amount of daily opium use | ||||
 Never used | 57 (40.71) | 225 (80.36) | Reference | Reference |
 ≤ Median (4.5 g per day)b | 36 (25.71) | 29 (10.36) | 6.83 (3.40–13.73) | 3.81 (1.13–12.77) |
 > Median (4.5 g per day) | 47 (33.57) | 26 (9.29) | 12.46 (5.76–26.92) | 9.36 (2.05–42.72) |
Duration of opium use | ||||
 Never used | 57 (40.71) | 225 (80.36) | Reference | Reference |
 ≤ Median (20 years) b | 41 (29.29) | 30 (10.71) | 7.32 (3.70–14.49) | 3.47 (1.13–10.62) |
 > Median (20 years) | 42 (30.00) | 25 (8.93) | 12.98 (5.72–29.48) | 5.50 (1.32–22.91) |
Cumulative use of Opiumc | ||||
 Never used | 57 (40.71) | 225 (80.36) | Reference | Reference |
  ≤ Median (87.5 g-years)b | 46 (32.86) | 28 (10.00) | 4.22 (1.44–12.30) | 3.95 (1.29–12.12) |
 > Median (87.5 g-years) | 37 (26.43) | 27 (9.64) | 8.60 (1.77–41.63) | 4.79 (0. 88–26.08) |
Age at start of opium use | ||||
 Never used | 57 (40.71) | 225 (80.36) | Reference | Reference |
 > Median (41 years) | 22 (15.71) | 27 (9.64) | 5.69 (2.40–13.47) | 4.71 (1.38–16.08) |
 ≤ Median (41 years)b | 61 (43.57) | 28 (10.00) | 11.90 (6.02–23.53) | 8.64 (1.90–39.18) |
Cigarette smoking | ||||
 Never | 59 (42.14) | 205 (73.21) | Reference | Reference |
 Ever | 81 (57.86) | 75 (26.79) | 5.89 (3.30–10.50) | 1.43 (0.50–4.10) |
Daily cigarette smoking | ||||
 Never used | 59 (42.14) | 205 (73.21) | Reference | Reference |
 ≤ Median (33 cigarettes per day) b | 23 (16.43) | 40 (14.29) | 3.19 (1.54–6.58) | 1.10 (0.28–4.27) |
  > Median (33 cigarettes per day) | 58 (41.43) | 35 (12.50) | 8.29 (4.35–15.79) | 1.36 (0.43–4.34) |
Duration of cigarette smoking | ||||
 Never used | 59 (42.14) | 205 (73.21) | Reference | Reference |
  ≤ Median (30 years)b | 40 (28.57) | 42 (15.00) | 4.74 (2.49–9.02) | 1.09 (0.32–3.72) |
  > Median (30 years) | 41 (29.29) | 33 (11.79) | 8.39 (3.90–18.06) | 2.28 (0.59–8.77) |
Cumulative use of cigarette smokingc | ||||
 Never used | 59 (42.14) | 205 (73.21) | Reference | Reference |
  ≤ Median (49.5 pack-years)b | 23 (16.43) | 38 (13.57) | 3.11 (1.52–6.40) | 1.83 (0.49–6.73) |
  > Median (49.5 pack-years) | 58 (41.43) | 37 (13.21) | 9.04 (4.60–17.70) | 1.76 (0.57–5.42) |
Age at start of cigarette smoking | ||||
 Never use | 59 (42.14) | 205 (73.21) | Reference | Reference |
  > Median (30 years) | 62 (44.29) | 61 (95.71) | 5.45 (3.01–9.89) | 4.71 (1.38–16.08) |
  ≤ Median (30 years)b | 19 (13.57) | 14 (5.0) | 8.48 (3.44–20.85) | 8.64 (1.90–39.18) |
Alcohol Use | ||||
 Never | 135 (96.43) | 277 (98.93) | Reference | Reference |
 Ever | 5 (3.57) | 3 (1.07) | 3.33 (0.79–20.85) | 2.34 (0.23–23.86) |