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Table 1 Sociodemographics, immune characteristics, and depression severity of study groups

From: Differential associations of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines with depression severity from noncancer status to breast cancer course and subsequent chemotherapy

Variable

Group

Statistics

Post-hoca

Noncancer control

Breast cancer group not receiving chemotherapy

Breast cancer group receiving chemotherapy

N = 29

N = 55

N = 32

Marital status (married)

25 (86.21)

41 (74.55)

26 (81.25)

χ2 = 1.68; p = 0.433

–

Cancer stage

 0

–

5 (9.26)

0 (0)

–

–

 1

 

15 (27.78)

9 (28.13)

  

 2

 

25 (46.30)

17 (53.13)

  

 3

 

8 (14.81)

6 (18.75)

  

Age (years)

47.59 (11.09)

52.40 (11.06)

49.56 (10.72)

F = 1.96; p = 0.146

–

Education (years)

12.79 (3.70)

10.59 (4.37)

11.81 (2.95)

F = 3.26; p = 0.042*

1 > 2

Duration of completion of chemotherapy (days)

–

–

129.68 (50.57)

–

–

Type of chemotherapy

 Anthracyclines

–

–

29 (90.63)

–

–

 Taxanes

–

–

22 (68.75)

–

–

 Other DNA synthesis inhibitors

–

–

29 (90.63)

–

–

 Other microtubule inhibitors

–

–

0 (0)

–

–

Tumor mass (cm3)

–

–

6.36 (9.68)

  

Pro-inflammatory (pg/mL)

 IL-1β

0.97 (0.49)

0.91 (0.80)

0.70 (0.49)

H = 6.63; p = 0.036*

1 = 2 = 3

 IL-2

1.70 (1.30)

1.53 (1.22)

0.96 (0.84)

H = 9.46; p = 0.009**

1 > 3

 IL-6

2.41 (1.67)

1.83 (1.88)

1.72 (1.97)

H = 7.42; p = 0.025*

1 = 2 = 3

 IL-12p70

3.35 (1.96)

2.57 (1.77)

2.01 (1.45)

H = 8.59; p = 0.014*

1 > 3

 IL-17A

7.94 (3.78)

7.17 (3.73)

5.16 (2.52)

H = 11.90; p = 0.003**

1 = 2 > 3

 IFNγ

12.83 (7.14)

8.71 (5.80)

7.26 (4.27)

H = 13.88; p = 0.001***

1 > 2 = 3

 TNFα

5.74 (2.79)

5.41 (2.97)

5.17 (2.55)

H = 1.34; p = 0.513

–

Anti-inflammatory (pg/ml)

 IL-4

15.14 (10.10)

13.06 (11.58)

10.09 (7.16)

H = 4.54; p = 0.103

–

 IL-5

1.73 (1.19)

1.80 (1.30)

1.25 (0.98)

H = 4.40; p = 0.111

–

 IL-10

6.41 (4.86)

6.02 (4.75)

3.69 (3.46)

H = 8.02; p = 0.018*

1 = 2 = 3

 IL-13

4.81 (2.67)

3.36 (2.89)

3.12 (4.19)

H = 12.66; p = 0.002**

1 = 2 = 3

PHQ (depression)

2.00 (2.58)

5.42 (4.72)

3.28 (2.67)

F = 8.54; p < 0.001***

2 > 1 = 3

  1. Data are shown as N (%) for marital status and cancer stage, and mean (standard deviation) for the other variables
  2. IL interleukin, IFN interferon, PHQ patient health questionnaire, TNF tumor necrosis factor
  3. agroup 1 = controls without cancer; group 2 = patients with breast cancer who were not receiving chemotherapy, group 3 = patients with breast cancer who were receiving chemotherapy
  4. Bonferroni correction was used for post hoc comparisons
  5. Data regarding cancer stage of two patients were missing in the group of patients with breast cancer who were not receiving chemotherapy
  6. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001