Education level as a predictor of survival in patients with multiple myeloma

BMC Cancer

Table 3 Univariate analysis of the baseline parameters associated with PFS and OS

Variable	PFS		OS
Variable	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P
Sex
Male vs female	1.04 (0.83–1.30)	0.74	0.97 (0.73–1.29)	0.823
Age (per year of age)	1.03 (1.02–1.04)	< 0.001	1.04 (1.02–1.05)	< 0.001
Smoking
Yes vs no	0.95 (0.74–1.23)	0.71	0.93 (0.68–1.29)	0.671
Marital status
Married vs other	0.78 (0.44–1.34)	0.41	0.85 (0.40–1.81)	0.672
Residential area
Rural vs urban	1.48 (1.14–1.93)	0.003	1.47 (1.06–2.05)	0.023
Distance to hospital
Different province vs the same province	1.18 (1.01–1.37)	0.039	1.15 (0.94–1.41)	0.175
Education level
High vs low education level	0.39 (0.30–0.52)	< 0.001	0.25 (0.17–0.38)	< 0.001
Occupational status
Unemployed vs employed	1.67 (1.22–2.30)	0.002	2.53 (1.55–4.13)	< 0.001
Average annual income
≥ $42,500 vs < $42,500 USD	0.51 (0.37–0.70)	< 0.001	0.36 (0.23–0.55)	< 0.001
Insurance status
No insurance vs any insurance	1.54 (1.15–2.06)	0.004	2.16 (1.43–3.29)	< 0.001
Comorbidity
Yes vs no	1.72 (1.35–2.18)	< 0.001	2.54 (1.81–3.56)	< 0.001
Time to diagnosis
> 1 vs ≤1 month	1.47 (1.13–1.91)	0.004	1.96 (1.37–2.81)	< 0.001
ISS stage
III vs I/II	1.23 (1.09–1.39)	0.001	1.38 (1.19–1.60)	< 0.001
LDH level
≥ 240 vs < 240 U/L	1.87 (1.43–2.46)	< 0.001	1.85 (1.32–2.60)	< 0.001
Cytogenetics
High risk vs standard risk	1.68 (1.26–2.25)	< 0.001	1.98 (1.38–2.82)	< 0.001
Receipt of transplant
No vs yes	2.98 (2.34–3.80)	< 0.001	2.53 (1.87–3.44)	< 0.001
Regular treatment
no vs yes	3.28 (2.59–4.16)	< 0.001	3.51 (2.61–4.71)	< 0.001

PFS progression-free survival, OS overall survival, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ISS international staging system, LDH lactate dehydrogenase

ISSN: 1471-2407