Table 1 Estimated PAFs and numbers of cancer cases associated with tuberculosis in 2015, by SDI and region

  Australasia

13.23%

(5.40–25.08)

64

(26–121)

6.67%

(2.41–13.29)

287

(104–572)

6.76%

(3.01–12.20)

610

(271–1100)

7.58%

(3.30–13.99)

297

(129–548)

1258

(530–2341)

7.10%

(2.99–13.21)

0.74%

(0.31–1.38)

  Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia

29.43%

(14.41–46.50)

1314

(644–2077)

16.31%

(6.60–28.78)

3001

(1215–5295)

16.86%

(8.37–27.31)

20 480

(10 163–33 171)

18.12%

(8.90–29.66)

2501

(1228–4093)

27 297

(13 249–44 636)

17.26%

(8.38–28.23)

3.72%

(1.80–6.08)

  High-income Asia Pacific

17.62%

(8.18–30.16)

176

(82–302)

8.79%

(3.50–16.16)

876

(349–1610)

8.49%

(4.23–13.98)

8029

(3997–13 217)

9.63%

(4.70–16.22)

1672

(816–2817)

10 754

(5243–17 946)

8.75%

(4.27–14.60)

1.75%

(0.85–2.92)

  High-income North America

9.64%

(4.55–16.84)

711

(336–1243)

5.32%

(2.18–9.69)

1699

(694–3093)

5.45%

(2.75–8.93)

7954

(4013–13 030)

5.93%

(2.96–9.92)

3062

(1526–5118)

13 427

(6570–22 484)

5.67%

(2.77–9.50)

0.98%

(0.48–1.65)

  Latin America and Caribbean

29.58%

(14.50–46.63)

576

(283–909)

15.89%

(6.34–28.34)

1796

(716–3202)

16.40%

(8.12–26.56)

6123

(3033–9920)

17.98%

(8.76–29.56)

1721

(838–2830)

10 216

(4869–16 860)

16.98%

(8.09–28.03)

1.95%

(0.93–3.22)

  North Africa and Middle East

30.03%

(12.49–50.03)

730

(304–1216)

16.41%

(5.52–31.65)

1941

(652–3743)

16.75%

(6.81–29.95)

6935

(2822–12 404)

18.36%

(7.44–32.83)

1549

(628–2769)

11 155

(4406–20 132)

17.40%

(6.87–31.40)

4.48%

(1.77–8.09)

  South Asia

34.35%

(18.25–51.17)

1582

(841–2358)

19.85%

(8.60–33.10)

3696

(1602–6165)

17.54%

(9.01–27.69)

14 416

(7410–22 759)

20.89%

(10.76–32.93)

3895

(2007–6140)

23 590

(11 860–37 421)

19.01%

(9.56–30.16)

3.66%

(1.84–5.80)

  Southern Latin America

13.79%

(5.72–25.91)

45

(19–84)

6.96%

(2.49–14.00)

132

(47–266)

7.50%

(3.30–13.64)

760

(335–1382)

8.02%

(3.48–14.91)

162

(70–301)

1099

(471–2032)

7.64%

(3.28–14.14)

1.26%

(0.54–2.33)

  Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania

32.63%

(17.29–48.60)

2122

(1125–3162)

18.24%

(7.96–30.36)

11 435

(4992–19 031)

18.50%

(10.00–28.00)

108 968

(58 888–164 937)

20.09%

(10.65–30.93)

10 297

(5458–15 853)

132 824

(70 462–202 983)

18.72%

(9.93–28.61)

4.81%

(2.55–7.35)

  Sub-Saharan Africa

33.74%

(15.76–53.15)

600

(280–945)

19.72%

(7.46–35.48)

1170

(443–2106)

21.91%

(10.60–35.22)

3879

(1877–6236)

20.69%

(9.41–34.92)

1673

(761–2824)

7322

(3361–12 111)

21.85%

(10.03–36.15)

2.84%

(1.30–4.69)

  Western Europe

14.93%

(5.49–29.95)

1127

(414–2262)

7.36%

(2.38–15.94)

2986

(965–6473)

7.83%

(3.05–15.61)

14 577

(5689–29 080)

8.69%

(3.37–17.49)

4374

(1695–8802)

23 065

(8764–46 616)

8.10%

(3.08–16.37)

1.49%

(0.57–3.01)

  High

13.82%

(5.89–25.40)

2314

(986–4254)

7.63%

(2.84–14.89)

6843

(2546–13 349)

8.02%

(3.69–14.15)

35 888

(16 528–63 322)

8.19%

(3.69–14.79)

10 130

(4572–18 296)

55 176

(2463–99 221)

8.14%

(3.64–14.64)

1.47%

(0.66–2.64)

  High-middle

25.87%

(12.18–42.31)

1485

(699–2428)

13.38%

(5.13–24.72)

3415

(1310–6312)

14.47%

(6.87–24.34)

22 283

(10 576–37 483)

14.44%

(6.65–24.94)

3165

(1458–5466)

30 347

(14 043–51 689)

14.65%

(6.78–24.95)

3.13%

(1.45–5.33)

  Middle

31.79%

(16.41–48.19)

2756

(1423–4177)

17.87%

(7.72–29.99)

12 897

(5571–21 648)

18.40%

(9.94–27.85)

111 839

(60 432–169 265)

19.69%

(10.32–30.60)

11 689

(6126–18 160)

139 181

(73 551–213 250)

18.61%

(9.83–28.51)

4.31%

(2.28–6.60)

  Low-middle

34.55%

(17.63–52.26)

2069

(1056–3130)

19.75%

(8.09–34.04)

5071

(2077–8741)

17.95%

(8.76–29.17)

20 436

(9972–33 216)

21.00%

(10.35–33.91)

5053

(2489–8157)

32 629

(15 594–53 244)

19.24%

(9.19–31.39)

3.86%

(1.84–6.30)

  Low

31.77%

(14.12–51.56)

426

(189–691)

17.97%

(6.24–34.08)

793

(275–1504)

19.01%

(8.22–32.84)

2285

(988–3948)

19.58%

(8.58–33.85)

1167

(511–2017)

4671

(1964–8160)

19.68%

(8.28–34.38)

3.08%

(1.30–5.38)

23.52%

(11.31–38.15)

9049

(4352–14 679)

13.35%

(5.42–23.71)

29 020

(11 779–51 554)

14.44%

(7.38–23.01)

192 732

(98 497–307 235)

13.28%

(6.45–22.17)

31 204

(15 157–52 096)

262 005

(129 785–425 563)

14.35%

(7.11–23.31)

2.93%

(1.45–4.75)

  Australasia

12.46%

(4.80–24.65)

43

(16–85)

6.47%

(2.17–13.65)

149

(50–314)

6.75%

(2.78–12.94)

415

(171–796)

7.39%

(3.01–14.36)

216

(88–420)

823

(325–1614)

7.02%

(2.78–13.77)

0.79%

(0.31–1.55)

  Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia

27.31%

(13.14–43.90)

961

(462–1544)

15.41%

(6.23–27.24)

2199

(890–3887)

15.36%

(7.61–24.98)

5585

(2767–9078)

17.12%

(8.41–28.03)

2451

(1204–4012)

11 195

(5324–18 522)

16.35%

(7.78–27.06)

1.53%

(0.73–2.52)

  High-income Asia Pacific

18.95%

(8.85–32.08)

96

(45–163)

9.69%

(3.88–17.64)

812

(325–1477)

9.04%

(4.51–14.81)

3735

(1865–6120)

10.59%

(5.20–17.68)

1522

(747–2541)

6165

(2982–10 301)

9.55%

(4.62–15.95)

1.39%

(0.67–2.32)

  High-income North America

6.91%

(3.21–12.36)

381

(177–682)

3.82%

(1.55–7.05)

813

(329–1502)

4.00%

(2.00–6.64)

5054

(2528–8391)

4.32%

(2.14–7.31)

1812

(897–3066)

8060

(3931–13 640)

4.13%

(2.01–6.99)

0.69%

(0.34–1.17)

  Latin America and Caribbean

28.41%

(13.84–45.13)

367

(179–583)

15.62%

(6.18–28.02)

1422

(563–2551)

15.61%

(7.67–25.53)

3833

(1883–6267)

17.37%

(8.46–28.62)

1439

(701–2371)

7062

(3326–11 773)

16.33%

(7.69–27.23)

1.34%

(0.63–2.24)

  North Africa and Middle East

27.74%

(11.27–47.52)

429

(174–735)

16.42%

(5.50–31.81)

1311

(440–2541)

16.25%

(6.84–28.76)

1845

(777–3266)

17.58%

(7.04–31.82)

1045

(419–1891)

4630

(1810–8433)

17.26%

(6.74–31.43)

2.06%

(0.81–3.75)

  South Asia

32.14%

(17.03–48.27)

747

(396–1123)

18.04%

(7.68–30.65)

2478

(1055–4211)

16.66%

(8.63–26.14)

4404

(2282–6908)

19.23%

(9.79–30.71)

2417

(1230–3860)

10 046

(4963–16 101)

18.24%

(9.01–29.24)

1.49%

(0.74–2.39)

  Southern Latin America

13.07%

(5.05–25.65)

27

(11–54)

6.72%

(2.23–14.22)

89

(29–187)

7.33%

(2.99–14.04)

381

(155–731)

7.88%

(3.19–15.31)

137

(56–266)

634

(251–1238)

7.49%

(2.96–14.62)

0.75%

(0.30–1.47)

  Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania

30.04%

(15.59–45.75)

836

(434–1273)

16.77%

(7.18–28.45)

6933

(2971–11 764)

17.00%

(9.06–26.12)

40 170

(21 405–61 729)

18.51%

(9.65–28.99)

5735

(2990–8984)

53 674

(27 799–83 751)

17.23%

(8.92–26.89)

2.80%

(1.45–4.37)

  Sub-Saharan Africa

31.74%

(14.70–50.86)

410

(190–658)

19.02%

(7.19–34.45)

924

(349–1674)

20.29%

(9.73–33.07)

1710

(820–2787)

19.62%

(8.91–33.41)

1333

(605–2270)

4378

(1965–7389)

20.48%

(9.19–34.57)

1.38%

(0.62–2.33)

  Western Europe

13.01%

(4.80–26.43)

663

(244–1347)

6.24%

(2.01–13.60)

1904

(615–4154)

7.10%

(2.77–14.13)

6579

(2572–13 106)

7.59%

(2.95–15.28)

3217

(1252–6474)

12 363

(4684–25 080)

7.24%

(2.74–14.69)

1.02%

(0.39–2.07)

  High

11.58%

(4.90–21.55)

1376

(582–2562)

6.76%

(2.51–13.27)

4369

(1619–8573)

6.55%

(3.02–11.56)

18 126

(8360–32 015)

7.31%

(3.30–13.22)

7522

(3394–13 601)

31 393

(13 955–56 751)

6.88%

(3.06–12.44)

1.05%

(0.46–1.89)

  High-middle

24.57%

(11.42–40.66)

1010

(469–1671)

12.89%

(4.96–23.81)

2382

(916–4400)

13.11%

(6.19–22.22)

5756

(2716–9756)

13.83%

(6.42–23.82)

2713

(1259–4672)

11 861

(5360–20 499)

13.77%

(6.22–23.81)

1.31%

(0.59–2.26)

  Middle

29.19%

(14.71–45.32)

1218

(614–1892)

16.55%

(7.04–28.24)

8030

(3415–13 699)

16.90%

(8.99–26.02)

42 175

(22 426–64 916)

18.15%

(9.35–28.69)

6853

(3531–10 831)

58 277

(29 986–91 338)

17.14%

(8.82–26.87)

2.44%

(1.25–3.82)

  Low-middle

32.56%

(16.40–49.96)

1041

(524–1597)

18.24%

(7.32–32.04)

3557

(1428–6251)

16.88%

(8.35–27.28)

6637

(3281–10 726)

19.54%

(9.45–32.07)

3319

(1605–5447)

14 555

(6838–24 021)

18.42%

(8.66–30.40)

1.62%

(0.76–2.68)

  Low

29.76%

(13.10–49.23)

316

(139–523)

17.17%

(5.88–33.11)

695

(238–1340)

17.84%

(7.77–31.00)

1016

(443–1766)

18.45%

(8.06–32.22)

917

(401–1602)

2945

(1221–5232)

18.66%

(7.74–33.15)

1.45%

(0.60–2.58)

20.31%

(9.53–33.75)

4961

(2328–8245)

12.27%

(4.91–22.09)

19 033

(7617–34 263)

11.98%

(6.05–19.37)

73 711

(37 226–119 179)

11.70%

(5.59–19.84)

21 325

(1018–36 154)

119 030

(57 360–197 841)

12.18%

(5.87–20.25)

1.61%

(0.78–2.67)

  Australasia

12.91%

(5.15–24.90)

107

(43–206)

6.60%

(2.33–13.42)

436

(154–886)

6.76%

(2.92–12.50)

1025

(442–1895)

7.50%

(3.17–14.15)

513

(217–968)

2080

(855–3955)

7.07%

(2.91–13.44)

0.76%

(0.31–1.45)

  Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia

28.50%

(13.85–45.35)

2275

(1106–3621)

15.92%

(6.44–28.10)

5200

(2105–9182)

16.52%

(8.19–26.77)

26 065

(12 930–42 249)

17.61%

(8.65–28.83)

4952

(2433–8106)

38 492

(18 573–63 158)

16.99%

(8.20–27.87)

2.62%

(1.26–4.30)

  High-income Asia Pacific

18.07%

(8.41–30.80)

273

(127–465)

9.20%

(3.67–16.84)

1688

(673–3088)

8.66%

(4.31–14.23)

11 764

(5861–19 337)

10.06%

(4.93–16.88)

3194

(1563–5358)

16 918

(8225–28 247)

9.02%

(4.39–15.07)

1.60%

(0.78–2.67)

  High-income North America

8.47%

(3.98–14.93)

1092

(513–1925)

4.72%

(1.92–8.63)

2512

(1024–4594)

4.78%

(2.40–7.87)

13 008

(6541–21 420)

5.21%

(2.59–8.75)

4874

(2424–8184)

21 487

(10 501–36 124)

4.97%

(2.43–8.36)

0.85%

(0.41–1.43)

  Latin America and Caribbean

29.11%

(14.23–46.03)

944

(461–1492)

15.77%

(6.27–28.20)

3218

(1279–5754)

16.09%

(7.94–26.15)

9957

(4916–16 187)

17.70%

(8.62–29.12)

3160

(1539–5201)

17 278

(8195–28 633)

16.71%

(7.93–27.69)

1.65%

(0.78–2.73)

  North Africa and Middle East

29.14%

(12.01–49.06)

1159

(478–1951)

16.41%

(5.51–31.71)

3252

(1092–6284)

16.64%

(6.82–29.69)

8780

(3599–15 670)

18.04%

(7.28–32.41)

2594

(1047–4660)

15 785

(6216–28 565)

17.36%

(6.84–31.41)

3.33%

(1.31–6.03)

  South Asia

33.61%

(17.84–50.20)

2330

(1237–3480)

19.08%

(8.21–32.06)

6174

(2657–10 376)

17.32%

(8.92–27.31)

18 820

(9692–29 667)

20.22%

(10.37–32.04)

6312

(3237–10 000)

33 636

(16 823–53 523)

18.78%

(9.39–29.88)

2.55%

(1.27–4.06)

  Southern Latin America

13.50%

(5.46–25.81)

72

(29–138)

6.86%

(2.39–14.09)

221

(77–453)

7.44%

(3.20–13.78)

1141

(490–2113)

7.96%

(3.34–15.09)

299

(126–567)

1733

(722–3270)

7.59%

(3.16–14.32)

1.01%

(0.42–1.91)

  Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania

31.85%

(16.78–47.75)

2958

(1559–4435)

17.66%

(7.65–29.60)

18 368

(7963–30 795)

18.07%

(9.73–27.46)

149 139

(80 292–226 666)

19.50%

(10.27–30.20)

16 033

(8448–24 837)

186 498

(98 261–286 733)

18.27%

(9.62–28.08)

3.99%

(2.10–6.13)

  Sub-Saharan Africa

32.90%

(15.31–52.19)

1010

(470–1602)

19.40%

(7.34–35.01)

2095

(792–3780)

21.38%

(10.32–34.53)

5589

(2698–9023)

20.20%

(9.18–34.23)

3006

(1366–5094)

11 700

(5326–19 500)

21.32%

(9.70–35.53)

2.03%

(0.92–3.39)

  Western Europe

14.16%

(5.21–28.53)

1790

(659–3609)

6.87%

(2.22–14.94)

4891

(1581–10 626)

7.58%

(2.96–15.12)

21 156

(8261–42 186)

8.19%

(3.18–16.48)

7591

(2947–15 275)

35 428

(13 448–71 697)

7.78%

(2.95–15.74)

1.28%

(0.49–2.60)

  High

12.89%

(5.48–23.80)

3690

(1568–6815)

7.27%

(2.70–14.21)

11 212

(4166–21 922)

7.46%

(3.44–13.16)

54 014

(24 889–95 337)

7.79%

(3.51–14.07)

17 652

(7966–31 897)

86 568

(38 588–155 972)

7.63%

(3.40–13.76)

1.28%

(0.57–2.31)

  High-middle

25.33%

(11.86–41.62)

2494

(1168–4099)

13.17%

(5.06–24.34)

5796

(2226–10 711)

14.17%

(6.72–23.87)

28 039

(13 292–47 239)

14.15%

(6.54–24.41)

5878

(2717–10 138)

42 208

(19 403–72 188)

14.39%

(6.62–24.61)

2.25%

(1.03–3.85)

  Middle

30.95%

(15.86–47.26)

3974

(2036–6069)

17.34%

(7.44–29.28)

20 928

(8986–35 348)

17.97%

(9.67–27.32)

154 014

(82 858–234 181)

19.09%

(9.94–29.85)

18 542

(9657–28 991)

197 458

(103 537–304 588)

18.15%

(9.52–28.00)

3.51%

(1.84–5.42)

  Low-middle

33.86%

(17.21–51.46)

3110

(1580–4727)

19.10%

(7.76–33.18)

8629

(3505–14 992)

17.67%

(8.65–28.68)

27 074

(13 253–43 942)

20.40%

(9.97–33.15)

8372

(4094–13 604)

47 184

(22 432–77 265)

18.98%

(9.02–31.08)

2.71%

(1.29–4.43)

  Low

30.88%

(13.67–50.53)

742

(328–1214)

17.59%

(6.07–33.61)

1489

(514–2845)

18.63%

(8.08–32.25)

3302

(1431–5714)

19.07%

(8.35–33.11)

2084

(912–3619)

7616

(3185–13 392)

19.27%

(8.06–33.89)

2.15%

(0.90–3.78)

22.27%

(10.62–36.44)

14 010

(6681–22 923)

12.90%

(5.21–23.03)

48 053

(1939–85 817)

13.66%

(6.96–21.86)

266 442

(135 723–426 414)

12.59%

(6.07–21.15)

52 529

(25 346–88 250)

381 035

(187 145–623 404)

13.59%

(6.68–22.24)

2.33%

(1.14–3.81)