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Table 2 Timing of associations between medications and ICI response

From: Inferring the role of the microbiome on survival in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: causal modeling, timing, and classes of concomitant medications

 

Cancer Type

Drug Type

Timing Window (days)

Sig PFS

Sig OS

N Drug Users

N Total

PFS HR

OS HR

Uni vs Multi Variate

Controlled Covariates

This study

Melanoma

ABx

+/− 28

 

Yes

48

185

 

1.66

Multi

CS, ECOG, BMI, G, A, CG

[14]

Melanoma

ABx

(−30)-0

Yes

No

10

74

0.32

0.52

Multi (only for PFS)

A, E, G, LT, IR, Serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), BRAF status

This study

NSCLC

ABx

+/− 28

 

No

64

152

 

0.81

Multi

CS, ECOG, BMI, G, A, CG

[13]

NSCLC

ABx

+/− 28

Yes

Yes

20

109

0.29

0.35

Multi

A, G, S, E, His, Mut, LT, IR, CT

[22]

NSCLC

ABx

(−30)-0

Yes

Yes

48

239

1.3

2.5

Multi

A, His, S, PR, E, C, Hos

[13]

NSCLC

ABx

(−60)-0

Yes

Yes

20

109

0.29

0.35

Multi

A, G, His, S, E, LT, C, IR Mutation, ABx, PPIs

[22]

NSCLC

ABx

(− 60)-0

No

Yes

68

239

1.2

2

Multi

A, His, S, PR, E, C, Hos

[2]

NSCLC

ABx

(−84)-0

No

Yes

37

140

 

2.31

Multi

A, G, His, S, PR, E, MS

[2]

RCC

ABx

(−30)-0

Yes

Yes

16

121

2.2

2.1

Multi

A, TB, R

[22]

RCC

ABx

(−60)-0

Yes

No

22

121

2.3

1.9

Multi

A, TB, R

[2]

RCC

ABx

(−84)-0

Yes

No

20

67

2.16

 

Multi

A, G, R, TB

[2]

UC

ABx

(−84)-0

No

No

12

42

1.97

 

Multi

Hemoglobin levels, KPS, Liver M

[49]

Several

Abx

(−30)-0

 

Yes

29

167

 

7.4

Uni

 

[49]

Several

Abx

0+

 

No

68

128

 

0.9

Uni

 

[49]

Several

Abx

(−30)--

 

Yes

29

167

 

8.2

Multi

Cancer, E, CG, TB, A, CS

This study

Melanoma

CS

+/− 28

 

Yes

66

185

 

1.57

Multi

ABx, ECOG, BMI, G, A, CG

[48]

NSCLC

CS (Cancer-related)

+/− 1

No

Yes

66

650

1.4

1.6

Multi

A, G, S, His, LT, IR, E, Mut, Brain M, PD-L1 TPS, %, Median TMB

[48]

NSCLC

CS (Cancer-unrelated)

+/− 1

No

No

27

650

0.62

0.91

Multi

A, G, S, His, LT, IR, E, Mut, Brain M, PD-L1 TPS, %, Median TB

[21]

NSCLC

CS

0 + 28

Yes

Yes

35

151

1.88

2.38

Multi

A, G, S, His, MS, E, LT, IR, Brain M Bone M, Liver M, PD-L1 expression, CS

This study

NSCLC

CS

+/− 28

 

Yes

67

152

 

1.85

Multi

ABx, E, BMI, G, A, CG

[9]

NSCLC

CS

(−30)-0

Yes

Yes

90

640

1.3

1.7

Multi

S, E, Brain M

[13]

NSCLC

PPIs

+/− 28

No

No

40

109

1.1

1.47

Uni

 

[2]

NSCLC

PPIs

(−84)-0

No

No

35

140

  

Uni

 

[2]

RCC

PPIs

(−84)-0

No

No

20

67

  

Uni

 

[2]

UC

PPIs

−84

No

No

7

42

    
  1. Abbreviations: A Age, G Gender, R IMDC Risk, TB Tumor Burden, His Histology, S Smoking History, PR Number of Prior Regimens, E ECOG Performance Status, C Clinical Trial, Hos Hospitalization, MS Number of Metastatic Sites, LT Line of Therapy, IR ICI Regimen, CS Corticosteroids, ABx Antibiotics, CG Cancer Stage, M Metastases, Mut Mutation