Skip to main content

Table 3 Reported trends in incidence of yCRC incidence overall and according to sex

From: Trends in the epidemiology of young-onset colorectal cancer: a worldwide systematic review

Study

Date Range

Overall

Women

Men

Findingb

North America

 Chow 1991 [1991]

1976–1987

–

CC AAPC White: − 2.0 (< 0.05)

CC AAPC Black: − 1.3

CC AAPC White: − 0.7

CC AAPC Black: + 1.7

not consistent

 Polednak, 1994 [15]

1965–1991

–

CRC % change ASR: − 19 (p = 0.153)

CRC % change ASR: − 29 (p < 0.05)

↓ CRC m

 Marrett 2002 [16]

1969–1996

–

CRC AAPC: − 1.39 (− 1.69, − 1.08)

CRC AAPC: − 0.43 (− 0.77, − 0.08)

↓ CRC w

↓ CRC f

 Cress, 2006 [17]

1992–2001

CRC APC: + 1.1a

CRC APC: + 1.4

RC APC: + 3.6 (p < 0.05)

CRC APC: + 0.8

RC APC: + 2.5 (p < 0.05)

↑ RC w

↑ RC m

 Siegel 2009 [4]

1992–2005

–

CRC APC: + 1.6 (p < 0.05)

CRC APC: + 1.5 (p < 0.05)

↑ CRC w

↑ CRC m

 Meyer 2010 [18]

1973–2005

CC APC: − 0.2 (− 0.6, 0.3)

RC APC: + 2.6 (1.9, 3.3)

RC APC: + 2.5 (1.8, 3.8)

RC APC: + 2.5 (1.6, 3.4)

↑ RC

 Merrill, 2011 [19]

2000–2007

–

CRC % change RAIR White: 21.7

CRC % change RAIR Black: 11.4

% change CRC RAIR White: 2.0

CRC % change RAIR Black: 0.4

↑ CRC w

↑ CRC m

 Giddings, 2012 [21]

1998–2007

–

CRC APC Chinese: −1.8 (− 3.9, 0.3)

CRC APC Japanese: − 0.1 (− 3.6, 3.7)

CRC APC Filipino: − 0.1 (− 2.2, 2.1)

CRC APC Korean: + 0.5 (− 2.0, 3.1)

CRC APC South Asian: -

CRC APC Vietnamese: + 2.2 (− 0.8, 5.2)

CRC APC Chinese: − 1.6 (− 3.3, 0.1)

CRC APC Japanese: + 1.4 (− 2.5, 5.6)

CRC APC Filipino: + 0.6 (− 1.6, 2.9)

CRC APC Korean: + 3.4 (0.1, 6.7)

CRC APC South Asian: + 1.5 (− 2.9, 6.2)

CRC APC Vietnamese: + 1.8 (− 0.8, 4.4)

not consistent

 Nancy You 2012 [5]

1998–2007

CRC APC: + 2.1 (1.1, 3.1)

CC APC: + 2.7 (2.0, 3.3)

RC APC: + 3.9 (3.1, 4.7)

–

–

↑ CRC

↑ CC

↑ RC

 Austin 2014 [22]

1998–2009

CRC APC

N Hispanic White: + 1.69 (1.47, 1.91)

Black: + 0.44 (− 0.03, 0.92)

Asian: + 0.61 (− 0.41, 1.35)

Hispanic White: + 0.59 (− 0.15, 1.33)

CRC APC

N Hispanic White: + 1.79 (1.46, 2.11)

Blacks: + 0.47 (− 0.39, 1.34)

Asian: + 0.45 (− 0.57, 1.49)

Hispanic White: + 0.76 (0.03, 1.5)

CRC APC

N Hispanic White: + 1.61 (1.35, 1.87)

Blacks: + 0.40 (− 0.14, 0.93)

Asian: + 0.72 (− 0.53, 1.99)

Hispanic White: + 0.42 (− 0.63, 1.48)

not consistent

 Siegel 2014 [23]

2001–2010

CRC APC: + 1.1 (p < 0.05) RC APC: + 1.8 (p < 0.05)

–

–

↑ CRC

↑ RC

 Singh, 2014 [23]

1988–2009

–

CRC BAPC 20-29y: + 3.8 (p < 0.011)

CRC BAPC 30-39y: + 4.5 (p < 0.001)

CRC BAPC 40-49y: + 2.6 (p < 0.001)

CRC BAPC 20-29y: + 2.7 (p < 0.011)

CRC BAPC 30-39y: + 3.5 (p < 0.001)

CRC BAPC 40-49y: + 2.7 (p < 0.001)

↑ CRC w

↑ CRC m

 Bailey 2015 [49]

1975–2010

CRC APC 20-34y: + 1.99 (1.48, 2.51)

CRC APC 35-49y: + 0.41 (0.14, 0.69)

RC APC 20-34y

localized: + 4.03 (p < 0.001)

regional: + 3.05 (p < 0.001)

distant: + 2.66 (p < 0.001)

RC APC 35-49y

localized: + 1.62 (p < 0.001)

regional: + 1.37 (p < 0.001)

distant: + 1.46 (p < 0.001)

–

–

↑ CRC

↑ RC

 Rahman 2015 [25]

1992–2009

CRC AAPC: + 1.68 (p < 0.05)

–

–

↑ CRC

 Patel 2016 [26]

1997 to 2010

CRC APC 15-29y: + 6.7 (4.3, 9.3)

CRC APC 30-39y: + 2.4 (1.5, 3.3)

CRC APC 40-49y: + 0.8 (0.3, 1.4)

CRC APC 15-29y: + 7.9 (1.1, 15.1)

CRC APC 30-39y: + 2.3 (0.8, 3.7)

CRC APC 40-49y: + 0.6 (0.1, 1.2)

CRC APC 15-29y: + 7.0 (3.7, 10.4)

CRC APC 30-39y: + 2.5 (1.5, 3.4)

CRC APC 40-49y: + 1.0 (0.4, 1.5)

↑ CRC

 Koblinski 2017 [51]

2000–2010

CRC % change Hispanic

localized:↑77%; regional: ↑56%

distant: ↑57%

CRC % change White

localized:↑21%; regional: ↑18%

distant: ↑41%

–

–

↑ CRC

 Sheneman 2017 [27]

2003–2013

CRC EAPC: + 1.7

CRC EAPC: + 0.6

CRC EAPC: + 2.7 (p < 0.05)

↑ CRC m

 Siegel 2017 [7]

2004–2013

CRC AAPC: + 1.6 (p < 0.05)

CRC IRR: + 1.22 (1.17, 1.28)

RC AAPC: + 2.0 (p < 0.05)

RC IRR: + 1.22 (1.13, 1.31)

–

–

↑ CRC

↑ RC

 Siegel 2017 [7]

1974–2013

CC APC 20-29y: + 2.4 (1.6, 3.3)

CC APC 30-39y: + 1.0 (0.5, 1.5)

CC APC 40-49y: + 1.3 (0.7, 1.8)

RC APC 20-29y: + 3.2 (2.4, 3.9)

RC APC 30-39y: + 3.2 (2.7, 3.7)

RC APC 40-49y: + 2.3 (1.8, 2.7)

–

–

↑ CC

↑ RC

 Wang 2017 [28]

1995–2010

CRC APC 20-39y: + 1.82 (p < 0.01)

CRC APC 40-49y: + 0.33 (p = 0.08)

–

–

no consistent

 Ansa, 2018 [29]

2000–2014

CRC APC < 40: + 2.7 (p < 0.001)

CRC APC 40-49y: + 1.7 (p < 0.001)

–

–

↑ CRC

 Crosbie, 2018 [30]

1992–2014

CRC APC: + 1.8 (p < 0.05)

CRC APC: + 1.8 (p < 0.05)

CRC APC: + 1.7 (p < 0.05)

↑ CRC

 Ellis, 2018 [31]

2010–2014

–

CRC TAPC Chinese: + 0.1 (− 2.1, 2.4)

CRC TAPC Japanese: + 0.5 (− 3.1, 4.1)

CRC TAPC Filipino: − 0.6 (− 3.5, 2.4)

CRC TAPC Korean: + 0.8 (− 3.8, 5.5)

CRC TAPC South Asian: + 4.3 (− 2.0, 10.9)

CRC TAPC Vietnamese: − 0.5 (− 3.1. 2.2)

CRC TAPC SEast Asian: -

CRC TAPC White: + 1.9 (0.8, 2.9)

CRC TAPC Black: + 0.3 (− 0.7, 1.4)

CRC TAPC Hispanic: + 2.1 (1.2, 3.1)

CRC TAPC Chinese: + 0.4 (− 2.0, 2.9)

CRC TAPC Japanese: + 1.5 (− 2.0, 5.0)

CRC TAPC Filipino: + 1.1 (− 1.1, 3.3)

CRC TAPC Korean: + 0.7 (− 1.8, 3.3)

CRC TAPC South Asian: − 0.9 (− 5.7, 4.2)

CRC TAPC Vietnamese: + 1.1 (− 3.9, 6.2)

CRC TAPC SEast Asian: − 1.0 (− 3.8, 1.9)

CRC TAPC White: + 0.9 (0.4, 1.4)

CRC TAPC Black: − 0.9 (− 2.2, 0.4)

CRC TAPC Hispanic: + 1.6 (0.3, 2.9)

not consistent

 Garcia, 2018 [32]

2001–2014

CRC relative increase IR: 24%

–

–

↑ CRC

 Jacobs, 2018 [33]

1973–2014

CC % change IR: 41.5 (37.4, 45.8)

RC % change IR: 9.8 (6.2, 13.6)

  

↑ CRC

↑ RC

Oceania

 Haggar 2012 [34]

1982–2007

–

CRC APC: + 1.4 (0.1, 2.7)

CRC APC: − 0.4 (− 1.7, 1.0)

↑CRC w

 Boyce 2016 [35]

2001–2008

CRC OR: 1.03 (0.99, 1.07)

–

–

no change

 Gandhi 2017 [36]

1975–2012

–

RC IRR: 1.13 (1.2, 1.26)

RC IRR: 1.18 (1.06, 1.32)

↑ RC w

↑ RC m

 Troeung 2017 [37]

1982–2007

CRC APC: + 3.0 (0.7, 5.5)

CRC APC: + 3.4 (1.1, 5.7)

CRC APC: + 2.6 (− 0.9, 5.2)

↑ CRC w

Europe

 Zaridze, 1990 [38]

1971–1987

–

CC APC <29y: − 0.1 (− 14.2, 14.3)

CC APC 30-39y: − 1.3 (− 7.4, 5.1)

CC APC 40-49y: + 8.2 (4.6, 11.9)

RC APC < 29y: − 13.7 (− 26.4, 0.2)

RC APC 30-39y: − 9.1 (− 18.3, 1.2)

RC APC 40-49y: + 4.3 (0.5, 8.3)

CC APC <29y: − 9.1 (− 17.2, − 0.3)

CC APC 30-39y: − 2.9 (− 9.7, 4.5)

CC APC 40-49y: + 3.2 (− 0.1, 6.6)

RC APC < 29y: − 16.5 (− 29.3, − 1.5)

RC APC 30-39y: − 11.1 (− 16.4, − 5.4)

RC APC 40-49y: + 3.7 (− 1.4, 9.1)

no consistent

 Larsen 2010 [39]

1992–2006

–

proximal CC EAPC: ≥ − 2

distal CC EAPC: − 1

RC EAPC: <+ 1

proximal CC EAPC: < 1

distal CC EAPC: ≥ − 2

RC EAPC: <+ 1

no change w

no change m

 Ullah, 2018 [40]

1994–2012

CRC APC 20-29y: + 9.17 (p < 0.03)

CRC APC 30-39y: + 4.6 (p = 0.1)

CRC APC 40-49y: + 0.83 (p = 0.45)

–

–

not consistent

Asia

 Nooyi, 2011 [41]

1983–2002

–

RC EAPC 35–39 y: -

RC EAPC 40-44y: + 1.7 (p = 0.35)

RC EAPC 45–49y: + 0.4 (p = 0.83)

RC EAPC 35-39y: + 3.1 (p = 0.12)

RC EAPC 40-44y: + 1.8 (p = 0.29)

RC EAPC 45–49y: + 1.4 (p = 0.41)

no change w

no change m

 Wu 2012 [42]

1973–2005

–

CRC APC: − 0.3 (− 0.9, 0.3)

CRC APC: 0.1 (− 0.4, 0.4)

no change w

no change m

 Zhou 2015 [43]

2005–2011

CRC APC: −3.07 (p < 0.01)

CRC APC: −2.56 (p = 0.21)

CRC APC: −3.45 (p = 0.06)

↓ CRC

 Nakagawa 2017 [44]

1987–2004

CRC APC: −0.8 (−1.7, 0.1)

RC APC: − 1.9 (− 2.6, − 1.1)

–

–

↓ RC

 Sarakarn 2017 [45]

1989–2012

CRC AAPC: + 5.7

CRC AAPC: + 5.7 (p < 0.05)

CRC AAPC: + 3.2 (p < 0.05)

↑ CRC w

↑ CRC m

 Zhang, 2018 [46]

1983–2012

 

CC APC: − 1.56 (− 1.73, − 1.39)

RC APC: − 0.17 (− 0.40, 0.05)

CC APC: − 1.11 (− 1.32, 0.90)

RC APC: + 0.60 (0.37, 0.84)

not consistent

Africa

 Hamdi Cherif, 2014 [47]

1986–2010

–

CRC APC: − 2.1 (− 6.3, 2.3)

CRC APC: − 0.8 (− 4.7, 3.3)

no change w

no change m

  1. a- obtained from authors after contacting them; b-key finding(s) indicate consistent trends identified from each study
  2. Abbreviations: CRC colorectal cancer; RC rectal cancer; CC colon cancer; APC annual percent change; AAPC average annual percent change; ASR age-standardized incidence rates; EAPC estimated annual percent change; RAIR risk-adjusted incidence rate; BAPC biannual percent change; TAPC triannual percent change; IRR incidence rate ratio; OR odds ra