Fig. 3

β2AR signaling blockage of osteoblasts triggered by ISO attenuates the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. a Migration and invasion of PC-3 and DU145 cells were measured over 12 h and 24 h, respectively, in the co-culture with MC3T3E1 osteoblasts with or without 10 μM ISO, or with 10 μM ISO combined with 50 μM ICI 118,551, a β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist (left). Quantification of relative migration and invasion (right) (n = 3). b Migration and invasion of PC-3 and DU145 cells were measured over 12 h and 24 h, respectively, in the co-culture with primary osteoblasts and the experimental procedures were similar to (a) (left). Quantitative analysis of relative cell migration and invasion (right) (n = 3). Scales bars, 100 μm; Data represent the mean ± SEM. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001