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Table 4 Prior exposure to anti-inflammatory medications and the odds of prostate cancer, overall and by disease categorya

From: Chronic inflammatory diseases, anti-inflammatory medications and risk of prostate cancer: a population-based case-control study

Exposure anti-inflammatory medicationsb

Controls n = 279,618

Cases n = 55,937

Overall PCa

Favourable risk

PCa

Unfavourable risk

PCa

No. %

No. %

ORc (95% CI)

ORc (95% CI)

ORc (95% CI)

Any Anti-inflammatory medication

141,172 (50)

31,330 (56)

1.26 (1.24–1.29)

1.34 (1.31–1.38)

1.17 (1.13–1.20)

Any Non-Aspirin-NSAIDs

112,742 (40)

25,591 (46)

1.25 (1.23–1.27)

1.33 (1.30–1.36)

1.15 (1.12–1.19)

 Acetic acid derivatives

79,279 (28)

18,332 (33)

1.24 (1.21–1.26)

1.29 (1.26–1.33)

1.16 (1.12–1.20)

 Propionic acid derivatives

43,766 (16)

9817 (18)

1.15 (1.12–1.18)

1.22 (1.18–1.26)

1.07 (1.03–1.11)

 Cox inhibitors

7741 (3)

1828 (3)

1.18 (1.12–1.25)

1.24 (1.16–132)

1.10 (1.01–1.20)

 Oxicams

2085 (1)

456 (1)

1.09 (0.98–1.21)

1.24 (1.09–1.41)

0.87 (0.73–1.04)

 Other non-Aspirin NSAIDs

15,093 (5)

3334 (6)

1.10 (1.06–1.14)

1.25 (1.19–1.32)

0.92 (0.87–0.98)

Any non-topical glucocorticoid

43,052 (15)

9500 (17)

1.14 (1.11–1.17)

1.19 (1.15–1.23)

1.08 (1.04–1.12)

 Systemic glucocorticoids

33,616 (12)

7449 (13)

1.14 (1.11–1.18)

1.20 (1.16–1.25)

1.08 (1.03–1.12)

 Inhaled glucocorticoids

15,111 (5)

3343 (6)

1.12 (1.08–1.17)

1.15 (1.09–1.21)

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

Any (nonsteroidal) asthma medications

23,205 (8)

4948 (9)

1.11 (1.07–1.14)

1.12 (1.07–1.17)

1.09 (1.03–1.14)

 Short term b-agonists

6171 (2)

1302 (2)

1.09 (1.03–1.16)

1.10 (1.02–1.20)

1.07 (0.98–1.17)

 Long term b-agonists

17,840 (6)

3850 (7)

1.12 (1.08–1.16)

1.11 (1.06–1.17)

1.12 (1.06–1.18)

 LAMA

7202 (3)

1441 (3)

1.06 (1.00–1.12)

1.06 (0.98–1.15)

1.05 (0.97–1.14)

 LTRAs

1579 (1)

340 (1)

1.08 (0.96–1.21)

1.10 (0.95–1.28)

1.05 (0.87–1.27)

Anti-Gout medications

12,910 (5)

2568 (5)

1.03 (0.98–1.07)

1.00 (0.94–1.07)

1.05 (0.99–1.12)

Immuno-suppressants

4281 (2)

812 (1)

0.98 (0.91–1.06)

0.98 (0.88–1.08)

1.00 (0.89–1.13)

  1. CI confidence interval, LAMA long acting muscarinic antagonists, LTRAs leukotriene receptor antagonists, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, OR: odds ratio
  2. aFavourable risk PCa: low and intermediate risk (Gleason Score ≤ 7, T1-T2, PSA ≤ 20 ng/mL, N0/X, & M0/X), Unfavourable risk PCa: (Gleason score 8–10, or PSA > 20 ng/ml, or N1, or M1)
  3. bAny exposure to anti-inflammatory medications since July 2005, derived from the National Prescribed Drug Register based on anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) codes
  4. cAdjusted OR from conditional logistic regression with adjustment for marital status, education level and Charlson comorbidity index. Analysis undertaken in the full dataset (2007–2012)
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BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

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