Fig. 4

miR-188-5p promotes Wnt/β-catenin signaling. a GSEA plot showing that miR-188-5p expression was positively correlated with Wnt-activated gene signatures and inversely correlated with Wnt-suppressed gene signatures in the TCGA stomach cancer dataset. b A linear regression analysis on the expression of Wnt pathway genes (the representative 3 upregulated and 3 downregulated Wnt target genes) versus miR-188-5p in the TCGA stomach cancer dataset. c The indicated cells were transfected with TOP or FOP reporter and Renilla pRL-TK plasmids and subjected to dual-luciferase assays 48 h after transfection. The detected reporter activity was normalized to the Renilla activity. d Subcellular β-catenin localization in the indicated cells was assessed by immunofluorescence staining; 630×. e qPCR analysis of the expression of the established downstream targets for the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, including MYC, CCND1, TWIST, MMP7, BMP4, FGF18, and CD44, in the indicated cells. f Assay of TOP/FOP luciferase activity in the indicated cells. g Representative images of a Transwell assay in the indicated cells (left) and quantification of Transwell assay in the indicated cells (right). Scale bar, 200 μm. Error bars represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments.**, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05. GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; NC, normal control; qPCR; quantitative real-time PCR; siRNA, short interfering RNA; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas