Cardiovascular medication use and risks of colon cancer recurrences and additional cancer events: a cohort study

BMC Cancer

Table 4 Risks of colon cancer recurrences and any additional cancers associated with antihypertensive use

			Recurrence			Any cancer event
	N at risk^a	person-years	N	Crude incidence rate per 1000 person-years (95%CI)	Fully adjusted recurrence HR (95%CI)^b	N	Crude incidence rate per 1000 person-years (95%CI)	Fully adjusted any cancer HR (95%CI)^b
Any antihypertensive medication
No antihypertensive use	1083	4134	64	15.5 (11.9–19.8)	1 (ref)	155	37.5 (31.8–43.9)	1 (ref)
Antihypertensive use	1425	7823	88	11.3 (9.0–13.9)	0.73 (0.44–1.21)	305	39.0 (34.7–43.6)	0.94 (0.70–1.24)
By type of antihypertensive^c
ACEI use (ref = no ACEI use)	878	4546	43	9.5 (6.8–12.7)	0.84 (0.55–1.28)	168	37.0 (31.6–43.0)	0.93 (0.74–1.17)
ARB use (ref = no ARB use)	226	1042	10	9.6 (4.6–17.6)	1.17 (0.58–2.36)	42	40.3 (29.0–54.5)	1.06 (0.75–1.49)
BB use (ref = no BB use)	890	4734	44	9.3 (6.8–12.5)	0.76 (0.50–1.14)	177	37.4 (32.1–43.3)	0.90 (0.72–1.12)
CCB use (ref = no CCB use)	559	2720	20	7.4 (4.5–11.4)	0.62 (0.37–1.04)	100	36.8 (29.9–44.7)	0.92 (0.71–1.19)
TD use (Ref = no TD use)	713	4191	37	8.8 (6.2–12.2)	0.75 (0.49–1.17)	137	32.7 (27.4–38.6)	0.80 (0.63–1.01)

^aN at risk differs from N in Table 2 because antihypertensive exposures are time-varying. Therefore, participants contribute unexposed time until the day they meet exposure criteria
^bFully adjusted model included: age and diagnosis year (both using natural cubic splines with knots at tertiles), sex (male/female), stage at diagnosis (I/IIA/IIB/IIIA), study site (KPWA/KPCO), race (white/black/other & unknown), time-varying smoking (yes/no), BMI at diagnosis (< 25.0/25.0–29.9/30.0+ kg/m²), Charlson comorbidity score in the year before diagnosis (0/1/2/3+), statin use in the year before diagnosis (yes/no), antihypertensive use in the year before diagnosis (yes/no), and time-varying statin use after cohort entry (yes/no)
^cEach antihypertensive exposure adjusted for all other antihypertensive exposures. People could be exposed to multiple types of antihypertensives during the study follow-up
Abbreviations: HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin-II receptor blockers, BB beta blocker, CCB calcium channel blocker, TD thiazide diuretic

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