Fig. 2

Increased serum hepcidin and GDF-15 levels in patients suffering from UUTUC compared to control patients. Serum hepcidin and GDF-15 levels from patients with UUTUC were analyzed and compared to patients without cancer or infection. Patients with UUTUC presented with increased (a) serum hepcidin (***p ≤ 0.0001) and (b) serum GDF-15 (***p ≤ 0.0001) levels compared to controls. (c) Serum hepcidin levels (***p ≤ 0.0001) and (d) serum GDF-15 levels are shown (***p ≤ 0.0001; **p = 0.003) of controls and the patient cohort divided into the two subgroups of patients with and without metastases