Table 1 Factors of the SEM and TTI modified and applied in this study

SEM ^a

TTI ^b Environment level

(Stakeholders, Special interest groups, Policy makers)

Factors that influence behaviour as applied in the interview guides of the current study

Organizational

(Stakeholders) - Social institutions with organizational characteristics, and formal/informal rules and regulations for operation.

Ultimate

Aspects of women’s immediate surroundings, neighbourhoods, social institutions, and culture that, although beyond the personal control of women, put them at risk

• availability of services^c

• employment rates^c

• inadequate schools^c

• media depictions^c

• (worksite) policies that vaccination and screening^d

Community

(Special interest groups) - Relationships among organisations, institutions and informal networks within defined boundaries.

Distal

Values and behaviours of women that contribute to their attitudes toward screening and vaccination

• information opportunities (media and advertisements)

• interaction with social institutions (conducting campaigns)

• knowledge^c

• stigma, values and evaluations (religious beliefs, cultural norms, barriers/uptake, priority, prevalence)

Public policy

(Policy makers) - Local, state, and national laws and policies

Proximal

Beliefs and evaluations about the benefits of cervical cancer prevention

• age recommendations of screening and vaccination

• possibility of self-screening and cost

• possibility of vaccinating girls and boys