Novel risk factors for primary prevention of oesophageal carcinoma: a case-control study from Sri Lanka

Talagala, Ishanka Ayeshwari; Nawarathne, Metthananda; Arambepola, Carukshi

doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4975-4

BMC Cancer

Table 4 Risk of oesophageal carcinoma associated with the modifiable life style related factors

From: Novel risk factors for primary prevention of oesophageal carcinoma: a case-control study from Sri Lanka

Characteristic	Cases (N = 49)		Controls (N = 196)		Non-adjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Characteristic	No.	%	No.	%	Non-adjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Dietary fibre
Sub-optimal	22	44.9	15	7.7	9.83 (4.6–21.2)	3.58 (1.1–12.3)
Optimal (reference)^a	27	55.1	181	92.3	1.0	1.0
Anti-oxidants
Sub-optimal	32	65.3	44	22.4	6.5 (3.3–12.8)	7.0 (2.2–22.5)
Optimal (reference)^a	17	34.7	152	77.6	1.0	1.0
Deep fried food
Sub-optimal^b	26	53.1	44	22.4	3.91 (2.0–7.5)	6.68 (2.0–22.6)
Optimal (reference)^a	23	46.9	152	77.6	1.0	1.0
Beverages (tea/coffee) at extremely hot temperatures
Yes	21	42.9	9	4.6	15.6 (6.5–37.4)	Excluded from LR^c
No (reference)^a	28	57.1	187	95.4	1.0	Excluded from LR^c
Meals containing excessive amount of chillies
Yes	36	73.5	15	7.7	33.4 (14.7–76.2)	Excluded from LR^c
No (reference)^a	13	26.5	181	92.3	1.0	Excluded from LR^c
Food/drink with excessive colouring
Yes	40	81.6	34	17.3	21.2 (9.4–47.7)	Excluded from LR^c
No (reference)^a	9	18.4	162	82.7	1.0	Excluded from LR^c
Alcohol consumption
Yes	30	61.2	45	23.0	5.3 (2.7–10.3)	Excluded from LR^c
No (reference)^a	19	38.8	151	77.0	1.0	Excluded from LR^c
Risk drinking category
High risk drinking	27	55.1	18	9.2	12.14 (5.8–25.5)	11.7 (2.8–49.4)
Low risk drinking^d	3	6.1	27	13.8
never consumers^d (reference)^a	19	38.8	151	77.0	1.0	1.0
Smoking status
Ever smoker	28	57.1	21	10.7	11.1 (5.4–22.9)	NS^e
Never smoker (reference)^a	21	42.9	175	89.3	1.0
Exposure to passive smoking
Yes	32	65.3	24	12.2	13.49 (6.5–27.9)	NS^e
No (reference)^a	17	34.7	172	87.8	1.0
Betel quid chewing
Ever chewed	31	63.3	21	10.7	14.35 (6.8–30.0)	6.1 (2.0–20.0)
Never chewed (reference)^a	18	36.7	175	89.3	1.0	1.0
Lifetime total occupational activities (MET hours/week/year)^f
Low (< 1.0)	10	20.4	66	33.7	0.51 (0.2–1.1)	NS^e
Average (1.0–218.1)^g	17	34.7	91	46.4
High (> 218.1)^a (reference)^g	22	44.9	39	19.9	1.0
Lifetime total household activities (MET hours/week/year)^f
Low (< 40.7)	26	53.1	35	17.9	5.2 (2.7–10.2)	NS^e
Average (40.7–323.8)^h	21	42.9	104	53.1
High (> 323.8)^h (reference)^a	2	4.1	57	29.1	1.0
Lifetime total sports and exercise activities (MET hours/week/year)^f
Low (< 1.0)	39	79.6	111	56.6	2.99 (1.4–6.3)	5.83 (1.5–23.0)
Average (1.0–40.0)ⁱ	5	10.2	30	15.3
High (> 40.0)ⁱ (reference)^a	5	10.2	55	28.1	1.0	1.0

^aThe category having the lesser proportion of cases
^bSub-optimal consumption of deep fried food indicates over consumption levels
^cExcluded from the LR analysis due to large confidence interval (upper limit being > 30.0)
^dLow risk drinking and never consumer categories were amalgamated for univariate analysis
^eNot significant in the logistic regression model
^fThe highest and the lowest quartiles of the activity were considered as the cut off points
^g,h,iAverage and high levels of physical activity categories were amalgamated for univariate analysis

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