Table 2 Overview of the candidate biomarkers for predicting the retinoid treatment response in various human malignancies

 MN1 overexpression

AML

83 newly diagnosed patients (60 years or older) treated in the trial NCT00151255

[28]

 PML-RARA expression

APL

NB4 cell line

[32]

 PLZF-RARA+RARA-PLZF expression

APL

Case reports of 6 patients with PLZF-RARA fusion genes with no clinically significant response to ATRA

[42]

 IRF2BP2-RARA expression

APL

Case report of 1 patient resistant to ATRA

[44]

 STAT5b-RARA expression

APL

Case report of 1 patient resistant to ATRA

[43]

 PML L-type splicing variant in E5(−)E6(−) isoform

APL

Short report of 79 de novo patients

[57]

 PML V-type splicing variant with spacer between PML-RARA

APL

Sequence analysis of RARα genomic region of 3 patients

[61]

 FABP5 overexpression

PDAC

14 patient-derived cell lines

[71]

BC

MCF-7 cell line

[17]

 Truncated RARβ’ isoform expression

BC

MCF-7 cell line

[78]

 ERBB2 expression

BC

MCF-7 and HER2/NEU transfected MCF-7 cell lines

[79]

 CRABP1 expression

BC

FFPE breast tumor tissue samples, established cell lines

[81]

 CRABP2 knockdown

PDAC

14 patient-derived cell lines

[71]

 NF1 knockdown

NBL

Panel of 25 cell lines

[91]

 HMGA2 expression

NBL

4 established cell lines

[96]

 UNC45 expression

NBL

F9 mouse embryo teratocarcinoma cell line

[100]

 NuMA-RARA expression

APL

Frozen bone marrow samples

[40]

 NPM1-RARA expression

APL

Cultured bone marrow cells from patient harvested at time of relapse

[41]

 PLZF-RARA expression

APL

Case report of 62-year-old patient

[54]

 RARα receptor overexpression

BC

2 established cell lines, tissue cultures of primary breast tumors, 42 established cell lines

[76, 77]

 ZNF423 expression

NBL

Panel of 25 cell lines

[91]

 PBX1 expression

NBL

16 established cell lines, 3 independent clinical datasets (ganglioneuromas n = 7, low-risk NBL n = 11, intermediate-risk NBL n = 5)

[88]

 HOXC9 expression

NBL

3 established cell lines

[89]