Table 1 Overview of the human cancer types treated with retinoids in clinical studies

Acute myeloid leukemia

ATRA

Trial Phase III

[101]

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

ATRA

Trial Phase IV

[8]

B-cell lymphoma

Fenretinide

Trial Phase II

[102]

Breast carcinoma

ATRA

Observational study

[103]

Cervical carcinoma

13-cis-RA

Trial Phase II

[104]

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Bexarotene

Trial Phase II-III

[105]

Ewing’s sarcoma

Fenretinide

Trial Phase I

[106]

13-cis-RA

Observational study

[107]

Glioblastoma multiforme

13-cis-RA

Trial Phase II

[108]

Gliomas

13-cis-RA

Trial Phase III

[109]

Fenretinide

Trial Phase II

[110]

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Polyprenoic acid

Observational study

[111]

Mantle cell lymphoma

Fenretinide

Trial Phase II

[102]

Medulloblastoma

Fenretinide

Trial Phase I

[106]

13-cis-RA

Observational study

[107]

Multiple myeloma

ATRA

Trial Phase II

[112]

Neuroblastoma

13-cis-RA

Observational study

[107]

Trial Phase I

[9]

Fenretinide

Trial Phase I

[106]

Non-small lung cancer

ATRA

Trial Phase II

[113]

Osteosarcoma

13-cis-RA

Observational study

[107]

Fenretinide

Trial Phase I

[106]

Ovarian carcinoma

Fenretinide

Trial Phase II

[114]

Pancreatic carcinoma

ATRA

Trial Phase I

[115]

Papillary thyroid cancer

13-cis-RA

Observational study

[116]

Prostate carcinoma

Fenretinide

Trial Phase II

[117]

Renal carcinoma

Fenretinide

Trial Phase II

[118]

Small cell lung cancer

Fenretinide

Trial Phase II

[119]

Squamous cell carcinoma

13-cis-RA

Case series trial

[120]

T-cell malignancies

13-cis-RA

Phase II

[121]

Wilm’s tumor

Fenretinide

Phase I

[106]