Fig. 5

Forced KLF9 expression and HDAC inhibitor LBH589 induced necroptosis in GSCs. a Western blot analysis indicated that there was no activation of autophagy marker LC3B-I in GSC cultures under different treatment conditions. b The combination of z-vad with calpain inhibitors or calpaithin inhibitors had minimal effect to protect KLF9-expressing GBM1A cells from death induced by LBH589. Two necroptosis inhibitors, Nec-1 and NSA, together with z-vad, significantly rescued GBM1A cells from death induced by Dox + LBH589. c Nec-1 or NSA alone did not protect GBM1B cells from death induced by Dox + LBH589. Cell death was completely blocked only when both apoptosis inhibitor and necroptosis inhibitor were applied together in GBM1B cells treated with Dox + LBH589. *: P < 0.05. d A model of the synergistic anti-tumor effect by combining HDAC inhibitors and KLF9 expression in GSCs