Table 1 Association of increased N-cadherin expression in cancer with clinicopathologic features and survival

 Breast cancer

Pre-metastatic; resected

IHC

High grade & LN metastasis

Shorter PFS (U)

[47]

Early-stage invasive

IHC

Earlier development of distant metastasis

n/a

[48]

Primary inoperable and LN negative

IHC

n.s.

Shorter OS (U)

[49]

Invasive; no prior therapy

IHC

High grade, late stage & LN metastasis

n/a

[50]

 Prostate cancer

Clinically localised; radical prostatectomy

IHC

Poor differentiation, seminal vesicle invasion & pelvic LN metastasis

Shorter time to biochemical failure (U), clinical recurrence (M) & skeletal metastasis (U)

[8]

Castration-resistant; transurethral resection

IHC

Higher Gleason score & metastasis

n/a

[51]

Localised; no therapy prior to radical prostatectomy

IHC

Later stage, higher PSA & Gleason score, seminal vesicle invasion and LN metastasis

n/a

[52]

Blood from cancer follow-up patients

Serum ELISA (sN-cad)

Higher PSA

n/a

[53]

Radical prostatectomy, metformin-treated

IHC

n/a

Increased recurrence

[54]

 Lung cancer

Adenocarcinoma & squamous cell carcinoma; no therapy prior to surgery

IHC

Higher TNM stage & poor differentiation

Shorter OS (M)

[55]

Primary adenocarcinoma; no therapy prior to surgery

IHC

n/a

Shorter OS (M)

[56]

Surgical resection of adenocarcinoma; no prior therapy

qPCR

LN metastasis

n/a

[57]

No post-operative surgery

IHC

Higher TNM stage & metastasis

n/a

[58]

Adenocarcinoma & squamous cell carcinoma; blood collected prior to or up to 3 weeks after platinum-based therapy

IF (on CTCs)

n/a

Shorter PFS

[59]

 Urothelial cancers

Radical cystecomy with pelvic LN dissection, clinically nonmetastatic bladder cancer

IHC

Higher clinical & pathologic tumour stage, LN metastasis & LN stage, lymphovascular invasion

Shorter RFS (M), OS (U) & cancer-specific survival (U)

[60]

Invasive bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy; no prior treatment

qPCR

n/a

Shorter OS

[61]

Transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer

IHC

Higher incidence of intravesical recurrence

Shorter intravesical RFS (M)

[62]

Clinically-localised upper urinary tract carcinoma undergoing nephroureterectomy; cisplatin- based therapy in late-stage patients

IHC

n/a

Intravesical and extravesical RFS (M)

[63]

 Liver cancer

Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma

IHC

Higher histologic grade, multifocal tumours & vascular invasion

Shorter disease-free and OS

[64]

Surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma

IHC

n.s.

Increased recurrence- rate within 2 years of resection

[65]

Surgical resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (no prior therapy); adjuvant therapy in patients with recurrence

IHC

Higher recurrence of vascular invasion

Shorter OS

[66]

 Head & neck cancer

Surgical specimen of HNSCC, patients are +/− LN metastasis

IHC

Greater tumour size, higher clinical stage & LN metastasis

Shorter OS (M)

[67]

Laryngeal, oripharyngeal & oral cancer; blood collected following HNSCC resection

IF

n/a

Shorter OS

[68]

Radical surgery for laryngeal cancer; adjuvant therapy in 60% of cases

(on CTCs) IHC

Higher grade

Increased relapse

[69]

Nasopharyngeal cancer

IHC

LN involvement, distant metastasis & later clinical stage

Shorter OS (nuclear N-cadherin)

[70]

 Gastrointestinal tract cancer

Colorectal cancer; no therapy prior to surgery

qPCR

Local invasion, Dukes staging & vascular invasion

n/a

[71]

Colorectal cancer; no therapy prior to surgery

IHC

Larger tumour size, poor differentiation, tumour invasion, LN metastasis & distant metastasis

Shorter OS (M) & shorter disease-free survival

[72]

Colon carcinoma; no therapy prior to surgery

IHC

Greater depth of tumour invasion & higher TNM stage

n/a

[73]

Gastric cancer surgery with LN metastasis; no prior therapy

IHC (on LN)

LN involvement, higher pathological stage, lymphatic invasion & venous invasion

Shorter OS

[74]

Curative surgery for gastric adenocarcinoma; no prior therapy, stage II patients received adjuvant therapy

IHC

Haematogenous recurrence

Shorter survival

[75]

 Renal cancer

Blood collected from metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients with prior nephrectomy and therapy

IF (on CTCs; also CK-)

n/a

Shorter PFS

[76]

 Ovarian cancer

Surgical specimens of high-grade serous carcinoma

IHC

n/a

Shorter PFS and OS (U)

[77]

 Gallbladder cancer

Adenocarcinoma (+/− surgery)

IHC

Poor differentiation, larger tumour size, TNM stage, invasion & LN metastasis

Shorter OS (M)

[78]

Squamous cell/adenosquamous carcinoma (+/− surgery)

IHC

Larger tumour size, invasion and LN metastasis

Shorter OS (M)

[78]

 Melanoma

Removal of primary melanoma, various stages of disease

IHC

Increased Breslow thickness

Distant metastasis-free survival (M; p = 0.13)

[7]

 Sarcoma

Surgical resection of osteosarcoma

qPCR

Later stage and distant metastasis

Shorter survival

[79]

Blood collected from a variety of bone & soft tissue sarcoma patients

Serum ELISA (sN-cad)

Larger tumour size & higher grade

Shorter disease-free survival (M) & OS (U)

[80]

 Multiple myeloma

Blood collected from newly- diagnosed patients; no prior therapy

Serum ELISA (sN-cad)

n/a

Shorter PFS and OS

[81]

Bone marrow aspirate from newly-diagnosed patients; no prior therapy

qPCR (on CD38+/CD138+ tumour cells)

n/a

Shorter PFS

[81]