Fig. 2

a VEGF-A mRNA expression as assessed by RT-qPCR with data normalized to saline controls in the RAS-unmodulated group. Overall, RAS modulation and AOM-treatment up-regulated VEGF in colonic mucosa (ANOVA p = 0.004). AOM-treatment alone upregulated VEGF-A 2.8-fold in AOM alone group (p = 0.03), 2.7-fold in AOM + AngII group (p < 0.001), and 1.5-fold in AOM + Losartan group (p = 0.08). Although not significant, there was a trend for Losartan suppressing VEGF-A expression in AOM-treated mice. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. b Representative Immunoblot of VEGF-A protein levels for each group. Overall, RAS modulation increased VEGF-A protein levels compared to saline treated mice in the RAS-unmodulated group. AOM-treatment also increased VEGF-A protein levels among the RAS-unmodulated and AOM + AngII groups. The AOM + Losartan group exhibited a decrease in VEGF-A compared to AOM alone or AOM + AngII