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Table 1 Subgroup analyses for the association between BMI and lung cancer risk in never smokers

From: Body mass index and lung cancer risk in never smokers: a meta-analysis

Categories

Subgroups

Number of studies

RR (95% CI)

P value

Heterogeneity

P-interaction

chi-squared

I 2

P-heterogeneity

Obesity

 

18

0.78(0.65–0.94)

0.01

37.23

54.30%

< 0.01

 

Design

Cohort

14

0.74(0.60–0.91)

< 0.01

27.83

53.30%

0.01

0.32

Case-control

4

0.97(0.58–1.62)

0.90

8.75

65.70%

0.03

 

Outcome

Incidence

15

0.79(0.63–0.99)

0.04

30.83

54.60%

< 0.01

0.74

Mortality

3

0.71(0.45–1.12)

0.14

6.40

68.70%

0.04

 

Gender

Male

5

0.69(0.41–1.15)

0.16

16.58

69.80%

< 0.01

0.81

Female

8

0.86(0.72–1.02)

0.08

7.49

19.90%

0.28

 

Ethnicity

Non-Asian

13

0.82(0.64–1.04)

0.10

27.92

57.00%

< 0.01

0.51

Asian

5

0.70(0.54–0.91)

< 0.01

5.56

28.00%

0.24

 

Quality

High

12

0.76(0.61–0.94)

0.01

27.5

60.00%

0.004

0.72

Low

6

0.84(0.55–1.29)

0.43

9.72

48.60%

0.08

 

Diagnosis

Registry

10

0.77(0.59–1.00)

0.05

22.28

59.60%

< 0.01

0.89

Pathology

8

0.79(0.59–1.06)

0.11

14.16

50.60%

0.05

 

Adjustment for confounders

 Alcohol intake

Yes

11

0.83(0.68–1.02)

0.07

18.98

47.30%

0.04

0.49

No

7

0.68(0.45–1.04)

0.07

16.25

63.10%

0.01

 

 Vegetable/fruit intake

Yes

6

0.81(0.58–1.13)

0.22

12.80

60.90%

0.02

0.80

No

12

0.76(0.59–0.97)

0.03

23.41

53.00%

0.02

 

 Physical activity

Yes

9

0.91(0.75–1.11)

0.34

12.18

34.30%

0.14

0.19

No

9

0.67(0.49–0.93)

0.02

18.15

55.90%

0.02

 

 Medical historya

Yes

3

0.78(0.58–0.95)

0.24

35.80

60.90%

< 0.01

0.61

No

15

0.90(0.76–1.07)

0.02

0.78

0.00%

0.68

 

Overweight

 

15

0.76(0.65–0.87)

< 0.01

28.37

50.60%

0.01

 

Design

Cohort

12

0.74(0.62–0.88)

< 0.01

27.30

59.70%

< 0.01

0.78

Case-control

3

0.80(0.63–1.02)

0.08

1.03

0.00%

0.60

 

Outcome

Incidence

12

0.76(0.64–0.90)

< 0.01

16.92

35.00%

0.11

0.93

Mortality

3

0.73(0.53–1.01)

0.06

10.51

81.00%

< 0.01

 

Gender

Male

5

0.92(0.62–1.36)

0.68

14.38

72.20%

< 0.01

0.44

Female

8

0.82(0.72–0.93)

< 0.01

6.52

0.00%

0.48

 

Ethnicity

Non-Asian

11

0.87(0.78–0.97)

< 0.01

10.34

3.30%

0.41

0.09

Asian

4

0.61(0.44–0.86)

< 0.01

10.87

72.40%

0.01

 

Quality

High

10

0.85(0.77–0.94)

< 0.01

9.47

4.90%

0.40

0.32

Low

5

0.70(0.46–1.06)

0.09

13.76

70.90%

< 0.01

 

Diagnosis

Registry

8

0.82(0.68–0.98)

0.03

14.38

51.30%

0.04

0.25

Pathology

7

0.68(0.55–0.84)

< 0.01

8.74

31.40%

0.19

 

Adjustment for confounders

 Alcohol intake

Yes

11

0.79(0.68–0.92)

< 0.01

18.32

45.40%

0.05

0.37

No

4

0.67(0.46–0.97)

0.03

6.36

52.80%

0.10

 

 Vegetable/fruit intake

Yes

5

0.89(0.79–0.99)

0.03

1.46

0.00%

0.83

0.15

No

10

0.68(0.54–0.85)

< 0.01

22.26

50.60%

< 0.01

 

 Physical activity

Yes

9

0.87(0.77–0.97)

0.02

8.86

9.70%

0.35

0.14

No

6

0.66(0.49–0.88)

< 0.01

12.85

61.10%

0.02

 

 Medical historya

Yes

3

0.89(0.79–1.00)

0.05

24.35

0.00%

0.66

0.42

No

12

0.72(0.60–0.87)

< 0.01

0.84

50.60%

0.01

 

Excess weight

 

23

0.77(0.68–0.88)

< 0.01

58.46

62.40%

< 0.01

 

Design

Cohort

16

0.80(0.69–0.94)

< 0.01

40.07

62.60%

< 0.01

0.47

Case-control

7

0.71(0.56–0.91)

< 0.01

13.78

56.50%

0.03

 

Outcome

Incidence

19

0.75(0.64–0.88)

< 0.01

38.12

52.80%

< 0.01

0.60

Mortality

4

0.83(0.63–1.10)

0.19

16.73

82.10%

< 0.01

 

Gender

Male

8

0.88(0.70–1.11)

0.29

17.94

55.40%

0.02

0.85

Female

12

0.75(0.62–0.91)

< 0.01

28.89

61.90%

< 0.01

 

Ethnicity

Non-Asian

14

0.80(0.68–0.95)

< 0.01

28.25

54.00%

< 0.01

0.66

Asian

9

0.74(0.59–0.94)

0.01

26.05

69.30%

< 0.01

 

Quality

High

16

0.83(0.73–0.95)

< 0.01

30.06

50.10%

0.01

0.18

Low

7

0.68(0.50–0.90)

< 0.01

17.7

66.10%

< 0.01

 

Diagnosis

Registry

11

0.88(0.75–1.05)

0.15

24.27

58.80%

< 0.01

0.06

Pathology

12

0.68(0.57–0.81)

< 0.01

19.97

44.90%

0.05

 

Adjustment for confounders

 Alcohol intake

Yes

12

0.83(0.71–0.97)

0.02

26.74

58.90%

0.01

0.31

No

11

0.71(0.57–0.89)

< 0.01

22.73

56.00%

< 0.01

 

 Vegetable/fruit intake

Yes

7

0.85(0.69–1.05)

0.13

17.29

57.10%

< 0.01

0.37

No

16

0.73(0.62–0.87)

< 0.01

34.93

65.30%

< 0.01

 

 Physical activity

Yes

9

0.87(0.77–0.99)

0.04

10.14

21.10%

0.26

0.52

No

14

0.75(0.61–0.92)

< 0.01

41.15

68.40%

< 0.01

 

 Medical historya

Yes

7

0.84(0.68–1.04)

0.11

13.32

55.00%

0.04

0.52

No

16

0.75(0.63–0.89)

< 0.01

40.57

63.00%

< 0.01

 

BMI increase per 5 Kg/m2

 

28

0.89(0.84–0.95)

< 0.01

86.44

68.80%

< 0.01

 

Design

Cohort

20

0.89(0.82–0.96)

< 0.01

58.12

67.30%

< 0.01

0.88

Case-control

8

0.90(0.79–1.03)

0.13

24.77

71.70%

0.01

 

Outcome

Incidence

23

0.89(0.83–0.96)

< 0.01

65.3

66.30%

< 0.01

0.98

Mortality

5

0.89(0.76–1.04)

0.16

20.98

80.90%

< 0.01

 

Gender

Male

12

0.96(0.83–1.11)

0.60

28.43

61.30%

< 0.01

0.42

Female

13

0.89(0.81–0.97)

< 0.01

34.74

65.50%

< 0.01

 

Ethnicity

Non-Asian

18

0.91(0.84–0.98)

0.01

47.23

64.00%

< 0.01

0.66

Asian

10

0.88(0.78–0.98)

0.03

33.12

72.80%

< 0.01

 

Quality

High

20

0.91(0.86–0.98)

< 0.01

51.74

63.30%

< 0.01

0.39

Low

8

0.85(0.72–1.00)

0.05

26.41

73.50%

< 0.01

 

Diagnosis

Registry

15

0.93(0.86–1.00)

0.06

42.41

67.00%

< 0.01

0.35

Pathology

13

0.86(0.78–0.95)

< 0.01

32.26

62.80%

< 0.01

 

Adjustment for confounders

 Alcohol intake

Yes

15

0.89(0.83–0.95)

< 0.01

36.97

62.10%

< 0.01

0.60

No

13

0.92(0.79–1.07)

0.28

48.42

75.20%

< 0.01

 

 Vegetable/fruit intake

Yes

7

0.93(0.84–1.02)

0.13

12.57

52.3%

0.05

0.77

No

21

0.89(0.82–0.96)

< 0.01

72.90

72.6%

< 0.01

 

 Physical activity

Yes

10

0.92(0.86–0.98)

< 0.01

11.33

20.60%

0.25

0.96

No

18

0.90(0.81–0.99)

< 0.01

86.44

77.3%

< 0.01

 

 Medical historya

Yes

11

0.90(0.83–0.97)

< 0.01

29.05

65.60%

< 0.01

0.84

No

17

0.88(0.80–0.98)

0.02

56.45

71.70%

< 0.01

 
  1. Note: In the subgroup analyses, amedical history included history of chronic lung disease, history of family lung cancer, diabetes status, and hormone treatment. Other confounders such as total energy intake, environmental status and concomitant medication (use of aspirin and metformin) were not common in original studies; thus, subgroup analyses stratified by them were not performed