Fig. 3

Redox homeostasis and NADH/NAD⁺ ratio in GOT1-null 143B cells. Cell viability compared to cells grown in 4.5 g/L glucose in a, dividing cells or b, confluent cells 24 h after treatment with fresh medium without glucose, and supplemented with 10 mM malate or 10 mM succinate for 24 h. c, Response to H₂O₂ exposure. Cells were treated with H₂O₂ at concentrations of 0, 2 and 20 mM, respectively. The cell viability was determined 24 h after treatment. The levels of d, NADH and e, NAD⁺ and f, the ratios of NADH to NAD⁺, after 2 days (sufficient nutrition medium) and 4 days (nutrition-depleted medium) of cell growth. g, Cell viability after 24 h of 0.1 mM of NAD⁺ treatment at day 2. h, Cell viability after 24 h of 2.5 mM of NAD⁺ treatment at day 4. i, Relative cell viability in wild type A549, 143B and Mia-paca-2 cells treated with metformin (Met) in indicated culture medium for 24 h. All the experiments have been repeated at least 3 times independently. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. from 3 independent experiments. One-way ANOVA analysis was performed for a, b, c and i. Unpaired student’s t-test was performed for d-h. *** p < 0.001;** p < 0.01;* p < 0.05; NS: not significant