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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies on the risk of endometrial cancer

From: Effect of metformin use on the risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author (year)

Region

Design

No. of patients

Mean/Median age (year)

EC incidence

Percentage of metformin use in DM patients (%)

Measurement of outcome

Adjusted variables

Subgroups

Study period

Becker et al. (2013) [34]

UK

Case–control

17,878

63

14.3%

51.5

Adjusted OR

BMI, smoking, DM

Metformin intensity, DM state

1995–2012

Luo et al. (2014) [35]

USA

Prospective

88,107

63

1.4%

12.5

Adjusted OR

Age, ethnicity, education, smoking, PA, alcohol, hormone use, parity, contraception, BMI

BMI

1993–1998

Ko et al. (2015) [36]

USA

Retrospective

541,128

52

0.1%

84.4

Adjusted HR

Age, Charlson index, fibroid, infertility, PCOS, DM, hypertension, endometrial hyperplasia, connective tissue disease, oral contraceptive, HRT, ultrasound

Age, DM state, PCOS, EH

2000–2011

Soffer et al. (2015) [37]

USA

Retrospective

66,778

55

0.5%

40.3

Unadjusted OR

None

None

1998–2004

Tseng et al. (2015) [38]

China

Retrospective

4,478,921

56

0.6%

40.3

Adjusted HR

Age, hypertension, COPD, stroke, heart disease, obesity, metabolic profiles, various drugs

Duration, dose

1998–2002

Franchi et al. (2016) [39]

Italy

Case–control

7861

> 40

4.8%

36.1

Adjusted OR

Charlson index, medical conditions, prescription of selected drugs, antidiabetic drugs

Duration

2002–2007

Arima et al. (2017) [40]

Finland

Retrospective

92,366

> 40

0.6%

63.8

Adjusted HR

Age, duration of DM and use at any time of other forms of medication.

None

1996–2011

  1. BMI Body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DM diabetes mellitus, EC endometrial cancer, EH endometrial hyperplasia, HR hazard ratio, HRT hormone replacement therapy, OR odds ratio, PA physical activity, PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome, UK United Kingdom, USA the United States of America