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Table 4 Associations between recognition of unexplained bleeding as cancer symptom, negative beliefs about cancer and long anticipated patient interval for rectal bleeding (nadjusted = 19,695)

From: Negative cancer beliefs, recognition of cancer symptoms and anticipated time to help-seeking: an international cancer benchmarking partnership (ICBP) study

 

Unadjusted

Adjusted*

Outcome: long anticipated patient interval for rectal bleeding (>  1 week)

Outcome: long anticipated patient interval for rectal bleeding (>  1 week)

Proportion with long interval (%)

OR

95% CI

P-value

OR

95% CI

P-value

Recognition of unexplained bleeding as cancer symptom

 Yes

13.3

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 No

19.7

1.59

1.41–1.79

< 0.001

1.90

1.58–2.30

< 0.001

Number of negative beliefs about cancer

 0

13.0

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 1

13.8

1.07

0.98–1.18

0.147

1.11

1.00–1.22

0.051

 2

14.4

1.13

1.01–1.27

0.034

1.21

1.07–1.37

0.002

 3

15.8

1.26

1.06–1.48

0.007

1.41

1.18–1.69

< 0.001

  ≥ 4

20.3

1.71

1.34–2.18

< 0.001

1.97

1.51–2.57

< 0.001

Age group

 50–59 years

16.6

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 60–69 years

14.0

0.82

0.75–0.90

< 0.001

0.82

0.75–0.90

< 0.001

 70–79 years

11.4

0.65

0.58–0.73

< 0.001

0.67

0.59–0.76

< 0.001

  ≥ 80 years

8.5

0.46

0.39–0.56

< 0.001

0.51

0.41–0.62

< 0.001

Sex

 Female

13.7

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Male

14.4

1.06

0.98–1.15

0.152

1.03

0.95–1.12

0.495

Marital status

 Cohabiting

14.3

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Single

13.5

0.93

0.86–1.01

0.103

1.08

0.99–1.18

0.086

Education

 No university degree

12.9

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 University degree

16.4

1.33

1.22–1.44

< 0.001

1.29

1.18–1.41

< 0.001

Smoking status

 Not current smoker

14.0

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Current smoker

13.9

1.00

0.90–1.12

0.990

0.91

0.81–1.02

0.111

Experience of cancer (self and/or family/friend)

 Yes

14.2

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 No

12.6

0.87

0.78–0.97

0.010

0.85

0.76–0.95

0.006

Country

 UK

13.6

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Australia

8.6

0.59

0.52–0.68

< 0.001

0.60

0.52–0.68

< 0.001

 Canada

15.1

1.13

1.01–1.27

0.033

1.04

0.93–1.17

0.480

 Denmark

14.6

1.08

0.94–1.25

0.270

1.00

0.86–1.16

0.990

 Norway

19.4

1.52

1.34–1.74

< 0.001

1.46

1.27–1.68

< 0.001

 Sweden

17.1

1.31

1.14–1.50

< 0.001

1.22

1.06–1.41

0.005

Test of moderation

Negative beliefs x Non-recognition of unexplained bleeding

    

0.84

0.75–0.95

0.005

Likelihood-ratio test

 LR chi2

      

7.97

 P-value

      

0.005

  1. *All independent variables were included in the same model