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Table 3 Meta-analysis results of association between AGA and incidence of prostate cancer

From: Possible association between androgenic alopecia and risk of prostate cancer and testicular germ cell tumor: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study characteristics

Number of studies

OR(95% CI)

P value

Effect model

Heterogeneity

I2 (%)

P value

Case-control studies

11

1.13(0.96–1.32)

0.150

random

60.8

0.004

 high gradea

3

1.46(0.89–2.51)

0.172

random

67.3

0.047

 high gradeb

4

1.42 (1.02–1.99)

0.038

random

51.9

0.101

 high stage

2

1.29(0.61–2.72)

0.503

random

59.4

0.117

 Baldness assessment type

  self-reported

8

1.15(0.94–1.41)

0.178

random

66.5

0.002

  trained observers

2

1.13(0.93–1.36)

0.215

fixed

6.7

0.300

 Different patterns of baldness

  Frontal vs. No

10

1.03 (0.86–1.23)

0.786

random

48.5

0.042

  Vertex with/without Frontal vs. no baldness

6

1.29(1.03–1.61)

0.029

fixed

9.8

0.353

  Vertex without Frontal vs. no baldness

3

1.23(0.95–1.60)

0.124

random

58.1

0.092

  Frontal with Vertex vs. no baldness

4

1.01(0.89–1.15)

0.899

fixed

< 0.1

0.524

 Different reference age

  20

2

1.28(0.59–2.75)

0.533

random

81.4

0.020

  30

5

1.25(0.83–1.88)

0.289

random

79.5

0.001

  40

4

1.00(0.78–1.29)

0.988

random

52.4

0.098

 Different age of case

   < 60

3

1.11(0.92–1.35)

0.264

fixed

27.8

0.251

   ≥ 60

3

1.03(0.68–1.55)

0.902

random

71.2

0.031

 Different type of control

  PC-free

5

1.07(0.87–1.31)

0.516

random

73.3

0.005

  BPH

2

1.20(0.72–2.01)

0.490

random

72.0

0.002

Cohort studies

4

0.99(0.94–1.05)

0.714

Fixed

< 0.1

0.521

 Subtypes of cancer

5

1.02(0.93–1.13)

0.656

random

59.5

0.043

 Frontal vs. no baldness

2

1.01(0.93–1.10)

0.756

fixed

< 0.1

0.831

  aggressive

2

1.01(0.94–1.14)

0.812

fixed

< 0.1

0.876

  nonaggressive

2

1.07(0.96–1.20)

0.194

fixed

< 0.1

0.701

 Frontal with Vertex vs. no baldness

2

1.05(0.96–1.14)

0.289

fixed

< 0.1

0.914

  aggressive

2

1.04(0.93–1.17)

0.490

fixed

< 0.1

0.641

  nonaggressive

2

1.01(0.89–1.14)

0.894

fixed

< 0.1

0.483

 reference age = 45

2

1.01(0.94–1.071)

0.858

fixed

< 0.1

0.780

  1. BPH prostatic hyperplasia
  2. high gradea: Gleason score 7–10; high gradeb: Gleason score 8–10 and Gleason score 7–10; high stage: T-stage 3–4; aggressive prostate cancer: Gleason score 7–10 or regional/distant metastases (SEER summary stage) or fatal prostate cancer
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BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

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