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Table 6 Characteristics of included studies- lung cancer

From: Associations between aspirin use and the risk of cancers: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Study source

Sex

Study period

Source of subjects

No of case

No of control/cohort size

Cancer site

Exposure assessment

Exposure Definition

Adjustment for covariates

Study quality

Case-control studies

 Iqbal U [47], 2017, China

M/F

2001–2011

The Taiwan NHI database

68,409

273,636

Lung cancer

Prescription

Patients had aspirin prescribed at least for 2 months during the 3-year period before the initial cancer diagnosis

1,2,13,14,15,16,17

7

 Lim WY [119], 2012, Singapore

F

2005–2008

Population from Chinese

252

556

Lung cancer

Questionnaire

Use twice a week or more, for a month or more(regular)

1, 3,4,5,19,34

7

 McCormack VA [120], 2011, US

M/F

AHFTS

977

683

Lung cancer

Interview

1,3,5,11

7

 McCormack VA [120], 2011, US

M/F

Population from Boston

768

123

Lung cancer

1,3,5,11

7

 McCormack VA [120], 2011, US

M/F

Population from Florida

467

889

Lung cancer

1,3,5,11

7

 McCormack VA [120], 2011, US

M/F

Population from Hawaii

629

588

Lung cancer

1,3,5,11

7

 McCormack VA [120], 2011, US

M/F

MSKCC

102

101

Lung cancer

1,3,5,11

7

 McCormack VA [120], 2011, US

M/F

NELCS

276

251

Lung cancer

1,3,5,11

7

 McCormack VA [120], 201, Israel

M/F

NICCC

280

270

Lung cancer

1,3,5,11

7

 Kelly JP [121], 2008, US

M/F

1976–2007

Patients in Boston Baltimore New York and Philadelphia

1884

6251

Lung cancer

In-person interview

Use at least 4 days per week for at least three continuous months(regular)

1,2,3,4,6,29, 30,36

6

 Van Dyke AL [122], 2008, US

F

2001–2005

Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System, a participant in the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance

580

541

Lung Cancer

Questionnaire

Had taken any aspirin

1,3,4,5,10,11, 3135,37

7

 Harris RE [123], 2007, US

M/F

2002–2004

The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio

375

654

Lung Cancer

Interview

Use no more than one pill per week for less than 1 year(nonuser)

1,2,3,5,6,10,11,35

7

 Muscat JE [124], 2003, US

M/F

1992–2000

Hospitals in New York and Washington, D.C

997

918

Lung Cancer

Questionnaire

Use three tablets per week for 1 or more years(regular)

1,2,3,4

7

 Moysich KB [125], 2002, US

M/F

1982–1998

RPCI

868

935

Lung Cancer

Epidemiological questionnaire

Use at least once a week for one year(regular)

1,3,4

8

Cohort studies

 Cao Y [8], 2016, US

M/F

1980–2010

1986–2012

NHS and HPFS

2430

135,965

Lung cancer

Questionnaire

Use at least 2 times per week(regular)

3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,28

9

Baik CS [126], 2015, US

F

1993–2010

WHI

1902

143,841

Lung cancer

Questionnaire

Use at least twice a week in each of the two weeks preceding the interview(regular)

1,3,5,6,10,11,19,25,31,50,51,52

8

 Hollestein LM [91], 2014, Netherlandsa

M/F

1998–2010

PHARMO and the Eindhoven Cancer Registry

915

109,276

Lung cancer

Prescription database

Low dose aspirin (≤ 100 mg daily)- not further defined

1,2,26,27

8

 Brasky TM [127], 2012, US

M/F

2000–2007

The VITAL cohort

100

69,919

Lung cancer

The baseline questionnaire

Use aspirin ≥1 day/week for ≥ 1 year(regular)

1,2,3,4,5,10,11, 29,35,46,53,54

8

 McCormack VA [120], 2011, US

M/F

DDCHS

812

55,396

Lung cancer

Questionnaire

1,3,5,11,

7

 Siemes C [96], 2008, Netherland

M/F

1992–2004

The Rotterdam Study

134

7621

Lung cancer

Questionnaire and prescriptions.

The absence of a prescription for any non-aspirin or aspirin NSAID(no use)

1,2,10,18,21,25, 35,55,56,57

8

 Olse JH [128], 2008, Dermarka

M/F

2002–2005

Danish Diet, Cancer and Health prospective cohort study

282

390

Lung cancer

Questionnaire and prescription database

Any use of aspirin or 1 year or more before the index date

1,2,3,4,38,39

7

 Hernández-Díaz S [129], 2007, UKa

M/F

1995–2004

THIN database

4336

10,000

Lung cancer

THIN database

Had recorded prescription at any time before the index date

1,2,3,6,10, 14,33,35,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48

8

 Jacobs EJ [98], 2007, US

M/F

1992–2003

Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort

1815

146,113

Lung cancer

Questionnaire

Use at least 30 “times” per month(daily use of adult-strength)

1,2,3,4,9,10,11, 18,25,28,29, 31,32,33

8

 Hayes JH [130], 2006, US

F

1992–2002

IWHS

403

27,162

Lung cancer

Questionnaire

Never, less than one weekly, once weekly, two to five times weekly, and six or more times weekly

1,3,4,6,10,19, 29,58

7

 Akhmedkhanov A [131], 2002, US

F

1994–1996

NYU and Women’s Health Study cohort.

81

808

Lung cancer

Questionnaire

Use three or more times per week for a period of 6 months or longer

1,3,4,49

7

 Schreinemachers DM [63], 1994, US

M/F

1971–1987

The National Health and Examination Survey Ι

163

12,668

Lung cancer

Self reported

Use aspirin during the 30-day period before the interview

1,2

6

 Paganini-Hill A [103], 1989, US

M/F

1981–1988

Population in Leisure World, Laguna Hills, US

111

13,870

Lung cancer

Questionnaire

Aspirin use: none,<daily, daily

2

4

  1. 1 = age, 2 = sex, 3 = smoking, 4 = education level, 5 = family history, 6 = alcohol intake, 7 = height, 8 = Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010, 9 = PSA test in past 2 y, 10 = BMI, 11 = race, 12 = folate, 13 = Charlson comorbidity index, 14 = statin, 15 = metformin, 16 = ACE inhibitors, 17 = Angiotensin II receptor blockers, 18 = physical activity, 19 = fruit, vegetable and/or vitamin intake, 20 = history of colonoscopy, 21 = total energy intake, 22 = ever use of calcium supplements in the past 5 years, 23 = former health checkup, 24 = red meat, 25 = hormone replacement therapy, 26 = unique number of dispensing, 27 = unique number of hospitalizations in the year prior to start of follow up, 28 = mammogram in past 2 y, 29 = other NSAIDs, 30 = area (county/region), 31 = history of coronary heart disease, 32 = diabetes, 33 = hypertension, 34 = housing type, 35 = history of arthritis, 36 = interview year, 37 = history of COLD, 38 = study, 39 = use of acetaminophen, 40 = smoking cessation advice by general practitioner, 41 = smoking cessation treatment, 42 = number of visits to general practitioner, 43 = number of referrals, 44 = use of oral corticosteroids, 45 = antihypertensives and other lipid-lowering drugs, 46 = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 47 = cerebrovascular disease, 48 = ischemic heart disease, 49 = menopausal status, 50 = age started and years since quitting smoking, 51 = emphysema, 52 = randomization arm of the DM trial, 53 = history of ulcer, migraine or chronic headache, osteoarthritis or chronic joint pain, 54 = coronary artery disease, 55 = C-reactive protein level, 56 = pack years of smoking, 57 = cholesterol, 58 = any heart disease/heart attack
  2. AHFTS American Health Foundation Tobacco Study, DDCHS Danish Diet Cancer and Health Study, HPFS Health Professionals follow-up study, IWHS Iowa Women’s Health Study, MSKCC Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NELCS New England Lung Cancer study, NHS nurses’ health study, NICCC National Israel Cancer Control Center, NYU New York University, RPCI the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, THIN the Health Improvement Network, VITAL the vitamins and lifestyle, WHI women’s health initiative
  3. aStudy deemed to be prone to immortal time bias