Table 3 Main results of Included Studies
Author/ Year/Reference | County and setting | Study design and Population | Exposure and Confounders | Outcome | Comparison | Main finding and effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-Jordan -Five large Jordanian hospitals including oncology services. | -Case control study − 220 Cases were selected from five large Jordanian hospitals with oncology services. − 281 Controls were selected from hospital personnel, outpatients and visitors. | -Exposure: meats, dairy products and fat. -Confounders: age, sex, BMI, PA, total EI, income, occupation, education level, marital status, cigarette smoking, other health problems and family history of CRC | CRC in both sexes | -Group 1: CRC cases (116 males and 104 females). -Group 2: healthy disease-free controls (Number of males and females was not determined). | The daily consumption of: - Labaneh ORa = 1.42 (95% CI: 0.62–3.25), ptrend = 0.03. -Milk ORa = 1.24 (95% CI: 0.62–2.47), ptrend = 0.59. -Yoghurt ORa = 0.76 (95% CI: 0.25–2.32), ptrend = 0.65. -White cheese ORa = 1.06 (95% CI: 0.46–2.45), ptrend = 0.06. - Ice cream: ORa = 1.68 (95% CI: 0.77–3.65), ptrend = 0.11. The weekly consumption of: - Cooked yogurt ORa = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.26–1.39), ptrend = 0.03. The monthly consumption of: - Processed cheese ORa = 0.29(95% CI: 0.06–1.45), ptrend = 0.004. | |
Suhad et al., (2015) [47]. | -Jordan -Five large Jordanian hospitals including oncology services. | -Case control study − 167 Cases were selected from five major Jordanian hospitals including an oncology center. − 240 Controls were selected from hospital personnel, outpatients, visitors, and accompanying individuals (not a first degree relative). | -Exposure: five food groups-grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, and meat and legumes. -Confounders: total EI, age, sex, PA, family history of CRC, household income, marital status, and cigarette smoking. | CRC in both sexes | -Group 1: CRC cases (79 males and 88 females). -Group 2: Healthy controls (108 males and 132 females). | -Milk ORa = 0.75(95% CI: 0.40–1.40), -Yoghurt ORa = 0.621 (95% CI: 0.36–1.06) -Labaneh ORa = 1.32 (95% CI: 0.76–2.27) -White cheese ORa = 1.46 (95% CI: 0.86–2.47). |
Mahfouz et al., (2014) [51]. | -Egypt -Minia oncology center | -Case control study − 150 Cases were selected from Minia oncology center. − 300 Controls were selected from community | -Exposure: dietary and lifestyles factors. -Confounders: PA, fruit and vegetables. | CRC in both sexes | -Group 1: CRC cases receiving any treatment (72 males and 78 females) -Group 2: Controls (144 males and 156 females). | Inverse association with calcium rich diet ORa = 0.08 (95% CI: 0.04–0.17). |
Arafa et al., (2011) [46]. | -Jordan -Al-Bashir Hospital, the principal governmental center for CRC registry and therapy | -Case control study − 220 Cases were selected from Al-Bashir Hospital. − 220 Controls were selected from the outpatient departments. | -Exposure: smoking, alcohol drinking, family history of CRC, vitamins supplement, monthly income and physical activity, dietary intake using a FFQ. -Confounders: routine exercise practice, smoking history, BMI, fruit, vegetables, meats, tea. | CRC in both sexes | Group 1: CRC cases (118 males and 102 females) Group 2: Controls (118 males and 102 females). | -Milk, yogurt and cheese group OR = 1.60 (95% CI: 0.84–3.04). -Calcium ORa = 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99–1.00). |
Guesmi et al., (2010) [48]. | -Tunisia -Surgery service in Nicole Charles Hospital And in Institut Salah Azaiez of Cancerology | -Case control study − 32 Cases were selected from Nicole Charles Hospital And in Institut Salah Azaiez of Cancerology − 61 Controls were selected from surgery and orthopaedic departments. | -Exposure: alimentary factors like meats group, fruits, vegetables, Raw oil, olive oil, full cereals, sweets and methods of cooking. -Confounders: Age, sex, geographic origin, smoking, anemia, sport, walking, frequency of consumption (frequently / rarely), methods of cooking. | CRC in both sexes | -Group 1: CRC cases (12 males and 20 females) -Group 2: Controls (39 males and 22 females). | Milk ORa = 0.14 (95% CI: 0.02–0.71). |
Nashar et al., (2008) [49]. | -Saudi –Arabia -King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh | -Case-control study −50 Cases were selected from the inpatients in KFSH and RC. − 50 Controls were selected from the outpatients in KFSH and RC. | -Exposure: Eating habits with the frequency of consumption. - Confounders: frequency of consumption. | Newly colon cancer in both sexes | -Group 1: CRC cases (25 males and 25 females). -Group 2: healthy controls (25 males and 25 females). | -For both sexes -Milk OR = 9.88 (95% CI: 3.80–24.65). -Laban OR = 18.66 (95% CI: 3.06–113.86). -Labnah OR = 24 (95% CI: 1.74–330.82). -For men -Cheese OR = 8 (95% CI: 1.40–45.75). -Laban OR = 15 (95% CI: 1.58–142.17). -For females -Laban OR = 27 (95% CI: 1.26–578.38). |
-Israël -Gastro-enterology department at the Tel Aviv Medical Center | -Clinical trial − 125 adenoma patients: − 68 Intervened patients receiving 1.5 g calcium ion/day (5 chewable calcium carbonate tablets daily). − 57 Non-intervened patients receiving no treatment. | -Exposure: dietary factors, lifestyle habits, and calcium supplementation. -Confounders: dietary components as fat, carbohydrates, fiber, and fluid as well as tobacco uses. | Adenoma patients, without a family history of colorectal neoplasia. | - Intervention group: 33 patients completed the 1 year trial (20 males and 13 females). - Non-intervention group: 19 patients completed rectal biopsy (13 males and 6 females). | -The REP labeling index decreased in 58% of calcium-intervened patients and in only 26% of non-intervened patients (p = 0.04). -The interaction between the mean daily total fat and calcium effect on LI was significantly negative (in opposite directions p = 0.02). -The interaction between the higher mean daily intake of total carbohydrates and the effect of calcium on LI was significantly positive (p = 0.001) |