Table 1 Literature data on BaP and PAH4 in coffee, mate and tea from the market and experimental studies
Matrix/Study/(Country) | N | Mean | Median | P90 | P95 | P99 | Maximum | LODa | % > LODa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Coffee beans (μg/kg) | |||||||||
This study (Germany) | 26 | 0.03 /0.88 | 0 /0 | 0 /1.85 | 0 /2.28 | 0.68 /4.13 | 0.9 /2.4 | 0.3 | 4 |
[42] (Poland) | 28 | 5.2 /25.2 | 19.5 /33.8 | 13.8 /105.6 | 19.5 / 119.9 | 31.06 /151.3 | 9.8 /162.2 | 0.27 | 50 |
[51] (Brazil) | 8 | 0.5 /3.8 | 0.6/4.3 | 0.5 /4.5 | 0.5 / 4.6 | 0.5 / 4.6 | 0.51 /4.57 | 0.07 | 100 |
[61] (France) | 5 | 0.028/ 0.066 | 0 /0.078 | 0.075 / 0.133 | 0.085/ 0.147 | 0.093 /0.159 | 0.096 / 0.162 | 0.0008 | 40 |
[62] (India) | 4 | 24.6 /79.4 | 0 /0 | 68.8 /222.32 | 83.6 /270.0 | 95.4/308.1 | 98.3 /317.6 | 0.03 | 25 |
[63] (Nigeria) | 4 | 25.7 / 31.1 | 0.03 / 0.73 | 72.04 /85.69 | 87.47 / 103.90 | 99.87 /118.5 | 102.9 / 122.1 | 0.03 | 25 |
[64] (Romania) | 4 | 0.02 / 0.086 | 0.02/ 0.088 | 0.02 /0.1 | 0.02 /0.1 | 0.02 /0.1 | 0.02 /0.1 | 0.02 | 0 |
[19] EFSA | 28 | 2.39 /12 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
[65] (Brazil) | 5 | 0.52 / 1.66 | 0.43 / 1.49 | 1.04 /2.79 | 1.14 /2.91 | 1.211 /3.00 | 1.23 /3.03 | 0.07 | 80 |
[50] (Japan) | 1 | 0.53 / 0.68 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
[44] (Brazil) | 24 | 2.10 /− | 1.49 /− | 4.26 /− | 4.47 /− | 10.67 /− | 12.52 /− | 0.03 | 100 |
[43] (Portugal) | 4 | 0.32 /6.16 | 0.29 / 6.23 | 0.54 / 8.09 | 0.57 /8.41 | 0.59 /8.67 | 0.6 /8.73 | – | – |
[66] (China) | 10 | 0.12 / 2.52 | 0.09 / 2.72 | 0.28 / 4.23 | 0.32 /4.30 | 0.35 /4.37 | 0.36 /4.39 | 0.031 | 100 |
[53] (India) | 3 | 0.33; 2.11 | 0.28; 2.03 | 0.42; 2.23 | 0.44 /2.26 | 0.45 /2.28 | 0.46 /2.28 | – | – |
[35] (France) | 2 | 0 /2.06 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
[67] (USA) | 13 | 7.1 / 186.1 | 4.9 / 143.4 | 13.9 / 334.7 | 15.8 / 236.5 | 18.0 /395.1 | 18.5 / 403.2 | 0.01 | 92 |
[49] (Denmark) | 11 | 0.51 / 2.85 | 0.42 / 2.65 | 0.88 /4.5 | 0.94 /4.8 | 0.99 /5.0 | 1 /5.1 | 0.1 | 100 |
2. Coffee infusion (μg/L) | |||||||||
[41] (Brazil) | 36 | 0.004 / 0.041 | 0 /0.033 | 0.012 / 0.058 | 0.014 / 0.076 | 0.016 /0.095 | 0.016 /0.099 | 0.006 | 11 |
3. Mate leaves (μg/kg) | |||||||||
This study (Germany) | 9 | 6.8 / 39 | 7.6 / 37 | 9.0 / 57 | 9.2 / 65 | 9.4 / 73 | 9.4 / 74 | 0.3 | 100 |
[38] (not specified) | 6 | 90.2 / 446.7 | 81.5 /330 | 150 /770 | 155 /785 | 159 /797 | 160 /800 | – | – |
[37] (Brazil) | 18 | 11.4 / 116.8 | 0 /113.2 | 37.4 / 251.9 | 44.4 / 257.9 | 52.6 / 266.6 | 54.7 / 268.8 | 0.5 | 30 |
[54] (Germany) | 2 | 224.8 / 2117.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
[59] (Germany) | 8 | 115.2 / 1075.7 | 88.0 / 517.3 | 201.4 / 1019.1 | 218.9 / 1047.4 | 233.0 / 1070.0 | 236.5 / 1075.7 | 0.01 | 100 |
[68] (Germany) | 3 | 200 /800 | 240 / 940 | 272 / 1308 | 276 / 1354 | 279.2 / 1390.8 | 280 / 1400 | – | – |
[69] (China) | 1 | 542.3 / 2736.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
[39] (Brazil) | 12 | 31.7 / 133.1 | 19.8 / 111.5 | 61.2 / 254.0 | 79.0 / 283.9 | 95.2 / 301.0 | 99.3 / 305.3 | – | – |
[36] (Brazil) | 8 | 50 / 355.7 | 40.1 / 319.2 | 52.7 / 368.3 | 53.0 / 383 | 53.2 / 394.8 | 53.3 / 397.7 | – | – |
4. Mate infusion (μg/L) | |||||||||
[12] (Brazil) | 20 | 0.13 / 0.39 | 0.04 / 0.24 | 0.24 / 0.93 | 0.42 / 1.08 | 1.05 / 1.61 | 1.22 / 1.74 | 0.0012 | 100 |
[46] (Brazil) | 11 | 0.014 / 0.038 | 0.012 / 0.033 | 0.014 / 0.059 | 0.014 / 0.087 | 0.014 /0.110 | 0.022; 0.116 | 0.001–0.009 | – |
5. Tea leaves (μg/kg) | |||||||||
This study (Germany) | 28 | 10.5 / 30.1 | 4.9 / 16.4 | 15.8 / 41.1 | 19.2 / 51.4 | 96.9 / 249.3 | 125 / 321.4 | 0.3 | 100 |
[19] EFSA | 30 | 8.38 / 42.67 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
[70] (India) | 5 | 6.1 /6.1 | 0 /0 | 15.6 / 15.6 | 16.1 /16.1 | 16.5 /16.5 | 16.6 /16.6 | – | – |
[50] (Japan) | 8 | 14.8 /49.2 | 5.6 /25.6 | 33.9 / 107.6 | 53.3 /156.4 | 69.3 /195.4 | 73.2 /205.1 | 0.53 | 88 |
[71] (Germany) | 18 | 3.59 / 13.59 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.26 | – |
[72] (China) | 1 | 18.2 /32.8 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.001 | 100 |
[69] (China) | 6 | 11.6 / 118.1 | 0 /18.7 | 34.7 / 332.8 | 47.8 /345.9 | 58.4 /356.4 | 61 /359 | – | – |
[73] (China) | 4 | 10.1 / 127.2 | 10.2 /126.0 | 12.0 / 172.2 | 12.3 /173.4 | 12.5 /174.5 | 12.6 /174.7 | – | – |
[54] (Germany) | 5 | 3.3 /57.7 | 3.14 /73.7 | 5.7 /95.0 | 5.8 /99.4 | 5.9 /102.8 | 5.9 /103.7 | – | – |
[59] (Germany) | 25 | 8.0 /59.8 | 5.3 /38.6 | 17.0 / 147.9 | 18.7 /153.2 | 29.34 /224.6 | 32.6 / 246.8 | 0.01 | 100 |
[36] (Brazil) | 1 | 4.24 /− | - /− | - /− | - /− | - /− | - /− | – | – |
[74] (Iran) | 8 | 0 /97.9 | 0 /89.0 | 0 /216.5 | 0 / 279.1 | 0 /329.2 | 0 /341.7 | – | – |
[75] (Argentina) | 54 | 9.9 /51.2 | 7.7 /39 | 14.9 /74.9 | 18.2 /83.5 | 20.8 /90.3 | 21.5 /92 | – | – |
[55] (France) | 15 | 4.2 /79.7 | 2.8 /54.4 | 8.2 /178.7 | 13.0 /191.2 | 20.1 /212.6 | 21.9 /218 | 0.6 | 80 |
[42] (Poland) | 22 | 0 /17.7 | 0 /15.5 | 0 /32.3 | 0 /43.1 | 0 /50.9 | 0 /20.9 | 0.3 | 0 |
[76] (Czech Republic) | 36 | 14.3 /82.7 | 14.3 /82.7 | 20.3 / 109.3 | 21.0 /112.6 | 21.6 /115.2 | 21.8 /115.9 | – | – |
[77] (China) | 12 | 18.8 / - | 10.3 / - | 38.2 / - | 52.1 / - | 64.6 / - | 67.7 / - | 0.28 | 100 |
[48] (USA) | 28 | 5.9 /116.3 | 3 /102.5 | 12.6 / 242.7 | 14.0 /362.5 | 25.0 /384.7 | 29.0 /426.0 | 0.01 | 100 |
[49] (Denmark) | 10 | 12.8 /57.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
[63] (Nigeria) | 9 | 18.2 /35.4 | 0 /27.2 | 48.9 / 72.0 | 93.0 /104.5 | 128.3 /130.6 | 137.1 / 137.1 | 0.03 | 11 |
[53] (India) | 5 | 0 /1784.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
[68] (Germany)b | 56 | 38.0/166.2 | 6.2/35.5 | 67.0/325 | 285/1050 | 388.5/ 1645 | 460/ 1700 | 0.05 | 100 |
6. Tea infusion (μg/L) | |||||||||
[78] (Spain) | 7 | 0.01 /0.04 | 0.007/ 0021 | 0.018/ 0.0823 | 0.021/0.094 | 0.023/ 0.103 | 0.024/ 0.105 | 0.024 | 14.3 |
[68] (Germany) | 14 | < 0.005 / < 0.005 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.005 | 0 |
[55] (France) | 10 | 0.1/1.1 | 0.1/0.8 | 0.1/1.7 | 0.1;2.2 | 0.1/2.6 | 0.1/ 2.7 | 0.6 | 0 |
[53] (India) | 5 | 0/4.5 | 0/4.0 | 0/6.0 | 0/6.3 | 0/6.5 | 0/6.6 | 0.22 | 0 |