Table 2 Cancer incidence and hazard ratios of farm, rural non-farm and urban women, 2006–2009
Cancer Type (ICD9)a | Cohort Residence | Cases | Standardised | Adjusted | Hazard ratios (95% CI) for variables remaining in final model (excl. Age) / other notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. incident cases and total person-years | n = 143,192 | Rate Ratio (95% Cl) | Hazard Ratio (95% Cl) | ||
All malignant neoplasms (excl. non melanoma skin cancer)b | Farm n = 10,549 | 295 | 88.0 (75.8–100.2) | 1.00 (ref) | • Age b |
C00 - C98 (excl. C44) | Rural non-farm n = 69,463 | 2472 | 102.0 (98.0–106.0) | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) | • Overweight & obesity status |
n = 5011 Person-years = 513,232 | Urban n = 63,180 | 2244 | 100.1 (95.9–104.2) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) |  yes vs no HR = 1.06 (1.00–1.13) |
• Smoking status | |||||
 never HR = 1.00 ref. | |||||
 past HR = 1.19 (1.12–1.27) | |||||
 current HR = 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | |||||
Breast | Farm | 117 | 87.0 (69.6–104.5) | 1.00 (ref) | • Age b |
(C50) | Rural non-farm | 863 | 100.5 (93.8–107.3) | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | • Family history breast cancer |
n = 1762 Person-years = 548,760 | Urban | 782 | 101.6 (94.5–108.8) | 1.06 (0.86–1.29) |  yes vs no HR = 1.58 (1.39–1.79) |
• Overweight & obesity status | |||||
 yes vs no HR = 1.13 (1.03–1.25) | |||||
• Smoking status | |||||
 never HR = 1.00 ref. | |||||
 past HR = 1.11 (1.00–1.23) | |||||
 current HR = 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | |||||
• Weekday sun exposure | |||||
 < 1 h HR = 1.33 (1.10–1.61) | |||||
 1–4 h HR = 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | |||||
 > 4 h HR = 1.00 ref. | |||||
Colorectal | Farm | 48 | 97.3 (33.4–128.3) | 1.00 (ref) | • Ageb |
(C18 - C21) | Rural non-farm | 411 | 104.7 (94.9–114.9) | 1.03 (0.76–1.40) | • Family history colorectal cancer |
n = 815 Person-years = 550,743 | Urban | 356 | 95.4 (85.4–105.5) | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) |  yes vs no HR = 1.27 (1.07–1.52) |
• Smoking status | |||||
 never HR = 1.00 ref. | |||||
 past HR = 1.21 (1.06–1.41) | |||||
 current HR = 0.93 (0.65–1.33) | |||||
Lung | Farm | 7 | 48.1 (8.8–117.8) | 1.00 (ref) | • Ageb |
(C34) | Rural non-farm | 157 | 106.3 (89.5–123.0) | 1.82 (0.80–4.15) | • Smoking status |
n = 300 Person-years = 551,870 | Urban | 136 | 101.8 (84.5–119.1) | 1.83 (0.80–4.22) |  never HR = 1.00 ref. |
 past HR = 3.58 (2.54–5.07) | |||||
 current HR = 9.51 (6.17–14.65) | |||||
• Annual household income $70,000 and over/yr remained as a non-significant confounder (p = .09) | |||||
Melanoma | Farm | 41 | 103.3 (65.4–141.2) | 1.00 (ref) | • Ageb p < .01 |
(C43) | Rural non-farm | 332 | 110.3 (98.3–122.2) | 1.11 (0.79–1.56) | • Family history melanoma |
n = 622 Person-years = 551,022 | Urban | 249 | 89.6 (78.4–100.8) | 0.95 (0.67–1.34) |  yes vs. no HR = 2.08 (1.68–2.57) • Weekday sun exposure |
 < 1 h HR = 1.20 (0.89–1.61) | |||||
 1–4 h HR = 1.00 ref | |||||
 > 4 h HR = 1.32 (1.09–1.60) | |||||
• Tannability (response of skin repeatedly exposed to sunlight in summer without protection) | |||||
 very tan HR = 1.00 ref | |||||
 moderate tan HR = 1.46 (1.13–1.89) | |||||
 mild tan HR = 1.76 (1.35–2.29) | |||||
 never tan/freckle HR = 2.32 (1.74–3.09) | |||||
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma | Farm | 13 | 122.4 (55.5–210.0) | 1.00 (ref) | • Ageb |
(C82 - C85) | Rural non-farm | 93 | 91.8 (73.0–110.6) | 1.15 (0.55–2.39) | • Annual household income $70,000 and over/yr remained a non-significant confounder (p = .62) |
n = 211 Person-years = 551,833 | Urban | 105 | 108.8 (87.8–130.0) | 1.30 (0.62–2.70) |