A systematic review of clinic and community intervention to increase fecal testing for colorectal cancer in rural and low-income populations in the United States – How, what and when?

Table 1 Number of study arms using specified intervention components among clinic- based, community-based, and both clinic/community-based studies

Intervention components grouped by strategic aim	Active intervention arms grouped by study setting			Referent group (usual care/ control arm)
Intervention components grouped by strategic aim	Clinic-based	Community-based	Combined Clinic/ Community-based	Referent group (usual care/ control arm)
Increase Community Demand
Client reminder or recall	16	1	2	1
Client incentives	0	0	1	0
Small media	16	5	4	3
Mass media	0	0	2	0
Group education	0	6	1	1
One-on-one education	11	4	3	3
Increase Community Access
Reducing structural barriers
▪ Provider ordered in-clinic distribution	14	1	0	12
▪ Systematic distribution by clinic staff or study team	10	2	3	7
▪ Direct mail	13	0	0	0
▪ Pre-addressed stamped envelope provided	15	1	0	1
▪ Kit available by participant request	2	1	1	1
Reducing client out-of-pocket costs	1	2	4	1
Increase Provider Delivery of Screening Services
Provider assessment and feedback	3	0	0	2
Provider incentives	2	0	0	2
Provider reminder and recall systems	6	0	0	1
Other
Patient navigators	10	1	4	0
Patient questionnaires or surveys about CRC screening knowledge and behaviors	5	2	0	6
Materials tailored for specific cultures or low literacy	11	0	0	2
Leveraging social networks	0	4	0	0
Total number of studies	20	5	2	*
Total number of study arms	27	7	4	*

* N control arms: N = 20 among 20-clinic based studies; N = 4 among 5 community-based studies; N = 0 in 2 combined clinic/community-based studies

ISSN: 1471-2407