Fig. 1

Equation for calculation of the incremental net monetary benefit (INMB). Values for life expectancy and the average lifetime cost per woman (the expected value of costs associated with screening, management of screen-positive women, and cancer treatment) were model outcomes. While there is no universal criterion that defines a threshold cost-effectiveness ratio for societal WTP (in terms of cost per life-year gained), we considered the heuristic that an intervention with an ICER less than the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita would be “very cost-effective” [19] and less than three times GDP per capita would be “cost-effective”