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Table 4 Factors associated with hr.-HPV infection in bivariate analyses, stratified by HIV serostatus

From: Epidemiology of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) among a cohort of HIV-infected and uninfected Ghanaian women

VARIABLES

HIV-1 seropositive women

HIV seronegative women

hr-HPV (N = 105) n (%)

RR (95% CI)

P-value

hr-HPV (N = 51) n (%)

RR (95% CI)

P-value

Age, years

  ≤ 29

10 (90.9)

1

 

6 (30.0)

1

 

 30–59

89 (64.0)

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

<0.0001

38 (29.5)

1.1 (0.5–2.1)

0.94

  > 60

6 (60.0)

0.5 (0.3–0.9)

0.02

7 (35.0)

1.2 (0.5–3.2)

0.64

Age at first sex, years categorical

  ≤ 18

48 (57.8)

1

 

22 (29.3)

1

 

  > 18

57 (74.0)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

0.03

29 (30.9)

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

0.83

Lifetime number of sexual partners

 1

9 (81.8)

1

 

8 (25.8)

1

 

  ≥ 2

96 (64.4)

0.9 (0.6–1.2)

0.49

43 (31.2)

1.2 (0.6–2.3)

0.57

Circumcision status of main/current partner

 Circumcised

97 (64.7)

1

 

45 (28.5)

1

 

 Not circumcised

8 (80.0)

1.4 (1.2–1.6)

<0.0001

6 (54.6)

1.9 (1.1–3.5)

0.03

Smoking history

 Never smoked

101 (65.2)

1

 

50 (29.9)

1

 

 Smokers (Ex/current)

4 (80.0)

1.2 (0.8–1.9)

0.38

1 (50.0)

1.7 (0.9–3.8)

0.47

Hormonal contraceptive history

 Ever used

40 (63.5)

1

 

23 (32.4)

1

 

 Never used

65 (67.0)

1.1 (0.8–1.3)

0.66

28 (28.6)

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

0.63