Fig. 5

a Representative flow cytometry data demonstrating the gating strategy used on PBMC for CD8⁺ T cells. FSC-area vs. FSC-height was used for doublet discrimination. A “dump” channel was then used to gate out dead cells (LIVE/DEAD fixable viability stain), CD14⁺ monocytes, and CD19⁺ B cells, and lymphocytes were selected by FSC vs. SSC. CD8⁺ T cells were subsequently selected on the basis of CD8 vs. CD3 staining, followed by the identification of proliferating (Ki67⁺) or activated (ICOS⁺) cells, and “effector CD8” cells as HLA-DR⁺CD38+. b Longitudinal empirical data, linear mixed models and estimated means (left, centre and right-hand panels respectively) for Ki67⁺ and ICOS⁺ CD8⁺ T cells, and HLA-DR⁺CD38⁺ effector CD8⁺ T cells (P-values: * <0.05, ** <0.01, *** <0.001, **** < 0.0001)