Chronic hepatitis infection is associated with extrahepatic cancer development: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan

Table 3 Hazard ratios for developing cancer in patients with CHI

	HBV				HCV
	No	Yes			No	Yes
Cancer type	Cases	Cases	HR	(95 % CI)^a	Cases	Cases	HR	(95 % CI)^a
Overall	2,139	1,330	2.67	(2.49–2.86)^‡	1,893	1,232	2.83	(2.63–3.05)^‡
Brain cancer	30	7	1.04	(0.45–2.39)	18	7	1.67	(0.68–4.15)
Head and neck cancer	288	66	0.96	(0.73–1.26)	171	48	1.13	(0.81–1.57)
Thyroid gland cancer	61	24	1.50	(0.93–2.42)	44	13	1.18	(0.62–2.24)
Esophageal cancer	54	15	1.42	(0.79–2.54)	46	11	1.24	(0.63–2.43)
Stomach cancer	132	32	1.11	(0.75–1.65)	122	37	1.41	(0.96–2.06)
Colorectal cancer	341	104	1.36	(1.09–1.70)^†	327	83	1.07	(0.84–1.38)
Liver cancer	155	770	1.47	(18.0–25.6)^‡	137	782	25.10	(20.9–30.2)^‡
Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct cancer	30	14	2.05	(1.07–3.91)*	32	18	2.60	(1.42–4.73)^†
Pancreatic cancer	35	19	2.61	(1.47–4.61)^†	55	17	1.51	(0.86–2.65)
Lung cancer	292	74	1.11	(0.86–1.44)	318	69	0.93	(0.71–1.21)
Kidney cancer	69	28	1.72	(1.10–2.68)*	68	17	0.99	(0.57–1.71)
Bladder cancer	80	24	1.24	(0.78–1.97)	87	24	1.20	(0.75–1.90)
Uterine and corpus cancer^b	43	14	1.28	(0.69–2.37)	26	11	1.82	(0.87–3.78)
Cervical cancer^b	62	10	0.74	(0.38–1.46)	62	11	0.81	(0.42–1.56)
Ovarian cancer^b	27	15	2.31	(1.21–4.39)*	10	8	5.15	(1.98–13.4)^†
Prostate cancer^c	134	30	0.95	(0.64–1.42)	136	24	0.81	(0.52–1.27)
Breast cancer^b	256	74	1.25	(0.96–1.62)	197	46	1.08	(0.78–1.50)
Melanoma	14	0	--	--	12	2	0.78	(0.17–3.60)
Skin cancer	37	15	1.46	(0.79–2.69)	37	11	1.09	(0.54–2.17)
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	45	22	2.10	(1.25–3.52)^†	45	20	2.30	(1.34–3.96)^†
Myeloma	12	2	0.93	(0.20–4.25)	13	3	1.15	(0.32–4.20)
Leukemia	43	15	1.44	(0.79–2.61)	25	7	1.21	(0.51–2.87)

*p < 0.05, ^†p < 0.001, ^‡p < 0.0001
^aAdjusted for sex, age, geographical region, occupation, level of urbanization, monthly income, the presence of comorbidities, and number of outpatient visits
^bWomen only
^cMen only