Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Population
ICS (N = 8813) | No ICS (N = 35,252) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Pulmonary infection combinations (%) | <0.001 | ||
None | 7823 (88.7) | 32,694 (92.7) | |
Pneumonia | 703 (8.0) | 1654 (4.7) | |
TB | 182 (2.1) | 678 (1.9) | |
TB + pneumonia | 105 (1.2) | 226 (0.7) | |
Medications (%) | |||
OCS | 3376 (38.3) | 1992 (5.7) | <0.001 |
LABA | 4236 (48.1) | 1186 (3.4) | <0.001 |
SABA | 7313 (83.0) | 6244 (17.7) | <0.001 |
Theophylline | 8305 (94.2) | 19,876 (56.4) | <0.001 |
Statins | 1368 (15.5) | 5591 (15.7) | 0.437 |
Aspirin | 2652 (30.1) | 12,203 (34.6) | <0.001 |
Sex (%) | 1.000 | ||
Men | 6078 (69.0) | 24,312 (69.0) | |
Women | 2735 (31.0) | 10,940 (31.0) | |
Age (years, %) | 1.000 | ||
20–39 | 270 (3.1) | 1080 (3.1) | |
40–59 | 1875 (21.3) | 7500 (21.3) | |
60–79 | 5328 (60.4) | 21,312 (60.4) | |
≧80 | 1340 (15.2) | 5360 (15.2) | |
Comorbidities (%) | |||
Diabetes | 254 (2.9) | 1192 (3.4) | 0.019 |
Hyperlipidemia | 1627 (18.5) | 7423 (21.1) | <0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 1472 (16.7) | 7028 (19.9) | <0.001 |
Smoking-related cancers | 124 (1.4) | 656 (1.9) | 0.004 |
Liver cirrhosis | 96 (1.1) | 423 (1.2) | 0.389 |
Autoimmune disease | 280 (3.2) | 1002 (2.8) | 0.095 |
Atopic dermatitis | 162 (1.8) | 734 (2.1) | 0.147 |
Rhinosinusitis | 3955 (44.9) | 6739 (19.1) | <0.001 |
No. of outpatient visits for respiratory diseases within 2 years after index date (%)a | 24.5 ± 14.5 | 6.0 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
≤ 15 | 2054 (23.3) | 30,735 (87.2) | <0.001 |
> 15 | 6759 (76.7) | 4517 (12.8) | |
No. of inpatient visits for respiratory diseases within 2 years after index date (%)a | 0.8 ± 1.7 | 0.2 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
0 | 5779 (65.6) | 30,661 (87.0) | <0.001 |
≥ 1 | 3034 (34.4) | 4591 (13.0) | |
Urbanization (%) | <0.001 | ||
High | 4934 (56.0) | 18,971 (53.8) | |
Mid | 2830 (32.1) | 11,441 (32.5) | |
Low | 1049 (11.9) | 4840 (13.7) | |
Death in 2004–2008 (%) | 1118 (12.7) | 3590 (10.2) | <0.001 |
Follow-up time (person-months) | 4.2 × 105 | 17.4 × 105 | |
No. of lung cancer | 179 | 496 | |
Incidence rate (per 105 person months) (95 % C.I.) | 42.2 (36.5–48.9) | 28.5 (26.1–31.1) | <0.001 |
Histologic type (%) | 0.148 | ||
Squamous cell carcinoma | 34 (19.0) | 128 (25.8) | |
Adenocarcinoma | 76 (42.5) | 173 (34.9) | |
Small cell carcinoma | 24 (13.4) | 57 (11.5) | |
Others | 45 (25.1) | 138 (27.8) | |