Leucine-rich diet alters the 1H-NMR based metabolomic profile without changing the Walker-256 tumour mass in rats

Viana, Laís Rosa; Canevarolo, Rafael; Luiz, Anna Caroline Perina; Soares, Raquel Frias; Lubaczeuski, Camila; Zeri, Ana Carolina de Mattos; Gomes-Marcondes, Maria Cristina Cintra

doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2811-2

BMC Cancer

Table 3 Serum metabolic concentration (μM)

From: Leucine-rich diet alters the ¹H-NMR based metabolomic profile without changing the Walker-256 tumour mass in rats

Metabolites	C (average ± SD)	W (average ± SD)	L (average ± SD)	LW (average ± SD)
α-Aminobutyrate	5.8 ± 4.8	7.9 ± 1.8	4.5 ± 1.6	10.9 ± 7.2
2-Hydroxybutyrate	3.3 ± 2.8	24.7 ± 7.0	2.7 ± 0.8	32.5 ± 22.0 ^{, **}
2-Hydroxyisovalerate	0.9 ± 0.1	18.8 ± 5.7	1.0 ± 0.5	33.3 ± 25.1 ^{, **}
2-Oxoglutarate	5.4 ± 1.0	7.1 ± 1.1	5.1 ± 1.6	7.5 ± 2.5
2-Oxoisocaproate	0.6 ± 0.1	2.9 ± 0.9 ^*	0.9 ± 0.2	2.7 ± 0.5 ^{, **}
β-Hydroxybutyrate	14.5 ± 5.5	150.4 ± 70.3	22.9 ± 5.5	480.7 ± 278.3 ^{, , **}
3-Hydroxyisobutyrate	8.6 ± 2.2	21.1 ± 6.5	7.0 ± 2.0	32.5 ± 17.5 ^{, **}
3-Methyl-2-oxovalerate	0.0 ± 0.0	4.4 ± 1.4 ^*	0.0 ± 0.0	3.4 ± 1.1 ^{, **}
4-Hydroxyphenyllactate	0.0 ± 0.0	2.8 ± 0.6 ^*	0.0 ± 0.0	6.8 ± 4.6 ^{, , **}
Acetate	12.2 ± 2.1	33.3 ± 19.5	15.0 ± 4.5	35.0 ± 17.6
Acetoacetate	0.9 ± 0.4	3.4 ± 1.6	1.1 ± 0.4	7.6 ± 3.9 ^{, , **}
Acetone	5.0 ± 0.7	61.6 ± 19.2 ^*	4.3 ± 1.6	53.3 ± 2.9 ^{, **}
Alanine	250.6 ± 33.4	477.5 ± 182.1	220.2 ± 53.3	419.9 ± 236.4
Allantoin	25.0 ± 2.5	132.2 ± 43.3 ^*	18.8 ± 14.6	156.4 ± 68.4 ^{, **}
Arginine	60.4 ± 2.1	37.4 ± 7.9 ^*	53.0 ± 16.3	38.9 ± 16.4
Asparagine	25.8 ± 1.7	18.7 ± 5.8	20.6 ± 5.4	19.4 ± 2.8
Aspartate	14.2 ± 1.6	12.2 ± 2.9	13.4 ± 4.2	18.1 ± 5.9
Betaine	34.9 ± 9.6	119.7 ± 61.0	30.9 ± 8.4	132.3 ± 86.1 ^{, **}
Carnitine	12.2 ± 1.5	15.3 ± 4.3	9.8 ± 3.2	17.7 ± 8.1
Choline	9.2 ± 2.0	16.2 ± 4.1	8.5 ± 2.5	20.4 ± 11.0
Citrate	70.8 ± 7.7	105.1 ± 22.1	57.3 ± 12.1	190.9 ± 112.2 ^***
Creatine	87.1 ± 7.9	188.0 ± 43.0	73.4 ± 18.7	252.5 ± 138.1 ^{, **}
Creatinine	9.6 ± 0.8	12.7 ± 4.0	6.7 ± 2.6	21.7 ± 9.8
Dimethylamine	0.5 ± 0.2	2.2 ± 0.6	0.6 ± 0.1	4.6 ± 2.7 ^{, **}
Ethanol	874.3 ± 858.2	2159.4 ± 1079.9	949.5 ± 816.4	1257.7 ± 109.2
Formate	13.3 ± 8.4	31.0 ± 13.4	12.5 ± 1.8	27.9 ± 17.1
Fumarate	2.0 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.2	1.6 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.9
Glucose	1502.8 ± 171.0	708.7 ± 407.2 ^*	1305.1 ± 531.3	679.0 ± 479.3 ^*
Glutamate	68.7 ± 14.8	73.0 ± 15.8	71.1 ± 18.0	83.4 ± 34.6
Glutamine	258.3 ± 18.1	110.5 ± 33.0 ^*	224.7 ± 65.1	105.7 ± 45.5 ^{, **}
Glycerol	348.2 ± 61.1	266.4 ± 151.7	287.7 ± 53.5	193.9 ± 119.3
Glycine	80.2 ± 7.5	120.2 ± 37.2	67.0 ± 17.9	117.6 ± 31.6
Histidine	23.7 ± 2.6	24.2 ± 5.5	17.8 ± 4.2	24.7 ± 7.1
Isoleucine	31.7 ± 3.0	24.9 ± 4.9	21.9 ± 6.3	25.6 ± 10.7
Lactate	4201.1 ± 305.4	5007.8 ± 599.1	4133.7 ± 1165.8	4242.8 ± 684.4 ^**
Leucine	52.4 ± 5.5	43.5 ± 5.5	77.1 ± 13.6 ^*	59.7 ± 20.0
Lysine	236.6 ± 49.3	178.4 ± 55.7	204.9 ± 61.9	145.7 ± 59.3
Methionine	25.8 ± 5.2	22.3 ± 3.7	22.2 ± 6.0	19.3 ± 4.9
Dimethylglycine	2.3 ± 0.6	5.8 ± 2.4	1.9 ± 0.6	14.6 ± 11.9
O-Acetylcarnitine	4.7 ± 1.1	12.0 ± 2.8	3.7 ± 1.1	14.9 ± 6.7 ^{, **}
Ornithine	9.2 ± 0.8	13.7 ± 5.3	8.3 ± 3.2	22.9 ± 16.2
Pantothenate	1.8 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 1.0	1.9 ± 0.4	4.2 ± 2.9
Phenylalanine	21.0 ± 2.9	34.3 ± 5.9	18.8 ± 5.3	32.5 ± 12.0
Proline	113.5 ± 33.3	155.7 ± 60.6	96.7 ± 35.7	123.3 ± 50.4
Pyruvate	68.9 ± 17.5	76.3 ± 31.9	63.1 ± 25.2	71.6 ± 20.0
Sarcosine	0.7 ± 0.1	2.9 ± 0.4 ^*	0.8 ± 0.5	2.6 ± 1.2 ^{, **}
Serine	97.3 ± 3.8	46.6 ± 16.0 ^*	77.8 ± 30.4	43.4 ± 17.6 ^{, **}
Succinate	37.8 ± 5.5	36.7 ± 14.3	42.4 ± 23.1	52.2 ± 44.5
Taurine	249.0 ± 32.7	227.2 ± 44.6	205.5 ± 71.3	261.8 ± 142.7
Threonine	178.3 ± 40.8	77.4 ± 29.3 ^*	166.6 ± 77.2	65.3 ± 27.3 ^{, **}
Tryptophan	1.5 ± 0.3	10.9 ± 2.8 ^*	1.6 ± 0.7	6.0 ± 2.7 ^{, , **}
Tyrosine	31.1 ± 6.0	47.2 ± 9.4	22.3 ± 6.1	38.6 ± 18.6
Uracil	4.1 ± 1.1	10.0 ± 3.8	4.5 ± 0.9	9.1 ± 4.2
Urea	522.7 ± 92.1	1022 ± 400.3	492.2 ± 136.5	2701.1 ± 1817.3 ^{, , **}
Valine	75.1 ± 6.8	51.5 ± 10.4	50.9 ± 13.6	52.8 ± 19.5
Myoinositol	22.7 ± 1.7	98.0 ± 11.0	21.6 ± 6.4	153.6 ± 88.3 ^{, **}
sn-Glycerol-3-phosphocholine	3.3 ± 0.8	5.7 ± 1.4	3.4 ± 0.6	6.2 ± 4.3
3-Methylhistidine	0.0 ± 0.0	12.3 ± 4.4 ^*	0.0 ± 0.0	17.9 ± 10.3 ^{, **}

Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. For details, see the Methods and Results sections ^*P ≤ 0.05 in comparison with the C group; ^**P ≤ 0.05 in comparison with the W group and ^***P ≤ 0.05 in comparison with the L group

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