Fig. 4

Reactive oxygen species mediate pristimerin inhibited SPHK-1 activity in hypoxic PC-3 cells. Hypoxic PC-3 cells were treated with pristimerin and/or NAC. a Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of SPHK-1, HIF-1α, p-AKT, AKT, pGSK-3β, GSK-3β, and β-actin in hypoxic PC-3 cells. b SPHK-1 activity in pristimerin and/or NAC-treated PC-3 cells under hypoxia. Data are presented as means ± SD. * p <0.05 and ** p <0.01 compared with hypoxia control. # p <0.05 compared with normoxia control. c Pristimerin suppresses p-AKT and p-GSK-3β via SPHK-1 inhibition in prostate cancer cell lines under hypoxia. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of SPHK-1, HIF-1α, p-AKT, AKT, pGSK-3β, GSK-3β, and β-actin in hypoxic PC-3 cells