Fig. 2

Estimated Age-Period-Cohort effects for incidence of selected cancers in urban Shanghai (1973–2010) among females. Note: Age-period-cohort effects, with confidence limits, on incidence from common cancer sites in urban Shanghai. Each graph has three curves depicting, from left to right, trends in incidence rate by age for the reference cohort (age effect), incidence risk by birth cohort (cohort effect, taking 1937–1941 or 1932–1936 as the reference) and incidence risk by calendar year (period effect, taking the incidence average of the period as the reference). The graph has the horizontal axis divided into two parts: one for age (years old) and one for cohort-period (calendar years). The left vertical axis represents incidence rates for the age effect and the right vertical axis represents the relative risk for the cohort and period effect. The drift is added to the non-linear birth cohort effects and the right plot presents the period effect as residual ratio rates