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Table 3 Hazard Ratios and 95 % Confidence Intervals of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stratified by Sex

From: The effects of pulmonary diseases on histologic types of lung cancer in both sexes: a population-based study in Taiwan

 

Male

 

Female

 

HR (95 % CI)

P value

HR (95 % CI)

P value

Lung diseases

    

 Tuberculosis

1.37 (1.21–1.54)

< 0.001

2.10 (1.36–3.23)

<0.001

 Asthma

1.52 (1.42–1.64)

< 0.001

1.50 (1.21–1.85)

<0.001

 COPD

1.66 (1.56–1.76)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.19–1.74)

<0.001

Low incomea

1.15 (0.99–1.34)

0.066

2.35 (1.66–3.32)

<0.001

Age group

    

 20–39

0.12 (0.09–0.15)

< 0.001

0.14 (0.09–0.20)

<0.001

 40–49

Reference

 

Reference

 

 50–59

3.59 (3.16–4.08)

< 0.001

2.05 (1.62–2.59)

<0.001

 60–69

12.38 (10.98–13.95)

< 0.001

4.47 (3.54–5.65)

<0.001

70–79

21.39 (19.03–24.04)

< 0.001

6.23 (4.89–7.92)

<0.001

 ≧80

13.36 (11.74–15.19)

< 0.001

4.66 (3.51–6.19)

<0.001

Comorbidities

    

 Diabetes

1.00 (0.93–1.07)

0.922

1.14 (0.94–1.39)

0.169

 Hyperlipidemia

0.98 (0.92–1.06)

0.668

0.97 (0.80–1.17)

0.717

 Chronic kidney disease

0.85 (0.73–0.97)

0.020

0.85 (0.53–1.34)

0.473

 Smoking–related cancersb

2.58 (2.33–2.86)

< 0.001

3.98 (2.84–5.57)

<0.001

  1. Adjustments were made to estimate HRs for all covariates (lung diseases, low income, age, comorbidities, urbanization and geographic area)
  2. aIncome is lower than the level required for charging premium
  3. bSmoking-related cancers included lip, oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, pancreas, kidney and bladder cancers that were prior to a diagnosis of lung cancer
  4. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR, hazard ratio